{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T11:52:27Z","timestamp":1781610747137,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intervertebral disc disease remains the most common spinal pathology in dogs and is characterized by degeneration of the intervertebral disc, primarily through chondroid metaplasia of the nucleus pulposus. Current histological grading systems for disc degeneration do not include inflammation, despite its potential relevance in clinical presentation through extradural swelling and compression. In this retrospective study, surgically removed disc extrusion material from 74 dogs was histologically processed and evaluated using a semi-quantitative grading system for disc degeneration and inflammation. A high prevalence of chondroid metaplasia was observed, frequently accompanied by inflammatory infiltrates, hemorrhage, and necrosis. A significant positive correlation (correlation coefficient = 0.636, p &lt; 0.001) was found between the degree of degeneration and the intensity of inflammation. Notably, thoracolumbar extrusions exhibited significantly higher inflammatory scores than cervical cases. In Dachshunds, more severe neurological deficits were associated with lower histological degeneration scores, indicating that neurological severity depends on multiple interacting factors that may differ between breeds. No significant associations were identified with age, sex, breed, body weight, neurological localization, or lesion severity in other groups. These findings suggest that inflammation is an active component in the pathophysiology of intervertebral disc disease. Incorporating inflammatory grading into histological grading systems could refine functional outcome predictions and guide therapeutic decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13060586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T09:06:52Z","timestamp":1781600812000},"page":"586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Degree of Inflammation in Surgically Obtained Intervertebral Disc Extrusions in a Population of 74 Dogs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2365-9156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"G\u00f3mez \u00c1lvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Veterinario Universitario Rof Codina, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4314-906X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Verdes Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patobiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Montevideo 13000, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5386-3780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano","family":"Espino L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda, Producci\u00f3n Animal y Ciencias Cl\u00ednicas Veterinarias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Hospital Veterinario Universitario Rof Codina, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985817726834","article-title":"The Myth of Fibroid Degeneration in the Canine Intervertebral Disc: A Histopathological Comparison of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Chondrodystrophic and Nonchondrodystrophic Dogs","volume":"54","author":"Hansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. 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