{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T10:51:53Z","timestamp":1781779913074,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Injuries of the metacarpophalangeal joint are a major cause of morbidity and catastrophic fracture in racing horses, yet early osseous pathology is often difficult to detect using conventional imaging. This pilot study aimed to correlate sodium fluoride Positron Emission Tomography (18F-NaF PET) radiopharmaceutical uptake with gross and histopathologic changes in the distal third metacarpal bone (MC3) and proximal first phalanx (P1). Five horses (three racing Thoroughbreds with fetlock injury and two non-racing controls) underwent ante-mortem 18F-NaF PET and cone-beam CT imaging (CBCT), followed by post-mortem gross and histologic examination of predefined anatomic sites. Quantitative PET measures, including maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), SUVratio, and PET grade, were compared with gross pathology and histopathologic scores for cartilage and subchondral bone. While there were significant regional correlations between PET metrics and gross or histologic scores at select sites, our results need to be considered in light of the small number of horses evaluated. Correlations between PET metrics and gross pathology score were identified on the distal metacarpus on the lateral dorsal condyle and on proximal P1 for lateral dorsal and mid-P1. Correlation of PET metrics and hyaline cartilage histopathology scores were found for dorsal medial and lateral P1, parasagittal dorsolateral P1 and the medial parasagittal groove of MC3. Correlation of PET metrics and histologic subchondral bone scores were significant for medial palmar condyle, medial parasagittal groove, and parasagittal palmar lateral of MC3. For P1, PET metrics and histologic subchondral bone scores were significantly correlated for parasagittal mid-lateral and medial dorsal regions. Overall, these findings demonstrate that 18F-NaF PET identifies localized bone remodeling that corresponds to histologic and gross pathology at specific fetlock regions, supporting its utility for detecting osseous injury, although relationships varied by anatomic location. Further work with larger numbers of horses is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13060591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T08:59:38Z","timestamp":1781773178000},"page":"591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gross and Histopathologic Comparison of the Distal Third Metacarpal Bone and the Proximal First Phalanx with Sodium Fluoride Positron Emission Tomography Radiopharmaceutical Uptake in Five Horses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2606-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maureen","family":"Kelleher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Marr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittney","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9558-0615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Cecere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"Klamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Anishchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alienbyte Scientific Software Inc., Rockville, MD 20852, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Beylin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Brain Biosciences, Inc., LONGMILE Veterinary Imaging, Rockville, MD 20852, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04395.x","article-title":"Causes of death in racehorses over a 2 year period","volume":"26","author":"Johnson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Equine Vet. 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