{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T15:54:36Z","timestamp":1781884476822,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Alberta","award":["2015B007R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015B007R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uterine infections (metritis and endometritis) are a leading cause of culling and reproductive failure in transition dairy cows, and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative pathogens limit conventional therapy. This randomized, controlled, multi-farm field trial evaluated whether four intravaginal infusions of a host-adapted lactic acid bacteria (LAB) cocktail (Lactobacillus sakei FUA3089, Pediococcus acidilactici FUA3138, P. acidilactici FUA3140; 108\u2013109 cfu\/dose) at \u22123, \u22122, +3, and +4 weeks relative to calving reduce periparturient disease and improve milk production. A total of 526 pregnant cows (426 Holstein, 100 Jersey) from four commercial Alberta farms (automatic-milking, parlor, and certified-organic systems) were block-randomized within farm and parity to TRT1 (saline; n = 175), TRT2 (saline + skim milk; n = 176), or TRT3 (LAB cocktail in saline + skim milk; n = 175). Uterine infection incidence was assessed by Metricheck\u2122 mucus scoring and transrectal ultrasonography at +3 and +4 weeks postpartum. Across the principal peripartum infectious outcomes, TRT3 showed a consistent protective effect: uterine infection incidence was lowest in TRT3 (18.8% vs. 25.1% in pooled controls; OR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.44\u20131.09; an approximately 25% relative reduction; exact p = 0.12), and this metritis signal was additionally supported by a repeated-measures mixed model accounting for farm, parity, and week (p = 0.0175), although the Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise contrasts were tendencies (adjusted p \u2248 0.12), and the effect did not differ by parity (treatment \u00d7 lactation interaction, p = 0.97). Subclinical mastitis was numerically lower in TRT3 than in pooled controls (5.3% vs. 8.9%; OR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.27\u20131.24; exact p = 0.16), whereas retained placenta, milk fever, displaced abomasum, and lameness showed no clear cow-level treatment effect in the cow-level exact analyses. Milk yield increased significantly in multiparous cows, which produced 4.6 L\/day more milk than TRT1 and 3.22 L\/day more than TRT2 over the first 50 days in milk (p &lt; 0.01 for both contrasts; treatment \u00d7 parity interaction, p = 0.01). No effect was seen on milk composition, uterine involution, or reproductive performance. The trial supports intravaginal LAB as a candidate antibiotic-free prophylactic whose response depends on farm- and cow-level contexts and whose mechanisms require confirmation through microbiological and metabolic measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13060595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:37:42Z","timestamp":1781879862000},"page":"595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intravaginal Probiotics in Transition Dairy Cows: A Randomized Multi-Farm Field Trial on Health and Milk Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Eduardo Rosales","family":"Barahona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre Luiz Garcia","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Egyedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0957-9373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Burim N.","family":"Ametaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74302-6","article-title":"Defining and diagnosing postpartum clinical endometritis and its impact on reproductive performance in dairy cows","volume":"85","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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