{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:27:06Z","timestamp":1785421626291,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82402389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82402389"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["82402389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82402389"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005047","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025-MS-027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-MS-027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N25LPY051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N25LPY051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traumatic fractures are common in small animal emergency care, yet subtle fracture lines may be difficult to identify accurately using routine three-dimensional reconstruction workflows, particularly when access to specialized software is limited. This study describes the use of the open-source platform Three-Dimensional Slicer for computed tomography-based reconstruction and three-dimensional printing in a small dog with cranial trauma, with emphasis on documenting a practical and reproducible workflow through voxel resampling. Imaging data were imported into the software, bone structures were segmented using a rapid workflow, voxel spacing was resampled for smoother surface visualization by volume resampling, and the reconstructed model was processed for physical printing. Digital models of different resolutions were generated within minutes, and a life-size skull model was successfully fabricated using fused deposition modeling in less than three hours at a material cost of under one United States dollar. The enhanced model provided an intuitive representation of fracture morphology and spatial relationships compared with routine reconstruction alone. These findings demonstrate that open-source software combined with low-cost printing can provide a rapid, affordable, and user-friendly approach for practical skeletal reconstruction in small animals, with practical value for fracture assessment, preoperative planning, and broader use in resource-limited veterinary settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13070610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T05:48:16Z","timestamp":1782366496000},"page":"610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Practical 3D Reconstruction and 3D Printing of Veterinary CT Scans in Small Animals: A Technical Demonstration with Reader-Based Validation in Canine Cranial Trauma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6977-6155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Chai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ORBIT Lab, College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110016, China"},{"name":"The University of Sydney, Sydney Musculoskeletal Health and The Kolling Institute, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luxin","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2005.06.001","article-title":"Management of fractures in small animals","volume":"35","author":"Roush","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12704","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical management, and outcomes of dogs involved in road traffic accidents in the United Kingdom (2009\u20132014)","volume":"28","author":"Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13074","article-title":"Characterization and comparison of injuries caused by accidental and non-accidental blunt force trauma in dogs and cats","volume":"61","author":"Intarapanich","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2024.103908","article-title":"Advances in Imaging for Pre-Surgical Planning in Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty","volume":"110","author":"Chai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1089\/3dp.2021.0121","article-title":"A Novel Approach of Customized Pelvic Implant Design Based on Symmetrical Analysis and 3D Printing","volume":"10","author":"Chai","year":"2021","journal-title":"3D Print. Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07174-0","article-title":"Minimizing acquisition-related radiomics variability by image resampling and batch effect correction to allow for large-scale data analysis","volume":"31","author":"Ligero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e213","DOI":"10.1097\/OI9.0000000000000213","article-title":"Comparison of 2 open-sourced 3-dimensional modeling techniques for orthopaedic application","volume":"5","author":"Chai","year":"2022","journal-title":"OTA Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., Yi, K., Kim, N., and Heo, S. (2024). Evaluation of a 3D-Printed Reduction Guide for Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis of Short Oblique Radial Diaphyseal Fracture in Dogs: A Cadaveric Study. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11040145"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nomir, A., Sharaby, A.E., and Abumandour, M.M. (2024). Anatomical studies on the PES region of Zebu cattle (Bos Taurus indicus) with special references to 3D computed tomography imaging technique. BMC Vet. Res., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-03940-0"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"29","article-title":"An Easy to Use Workflow of 3D Medical Reconstruction for Preoperative Planning and Surgical Education","volume":"2","author":"Chai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Educ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.05.001","article-title":"3D Slicer as an image computing platform for the Quantitative Imaging Network","volume":"30","author":"Fedorov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Chai, Y. (2025). CT and MRI scan of a 2yo male dog Yorkshire Terrier. Figshare, Available online: https:\/\/figshare.com\/articles\/dataset\/CT_and_MRI_scan_of_a_2yo_male_dog_Yorkshire_Terrier\/29039192."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"523","article-title":"Use of three-dimensional printing models for veterinary medical education: Impact on learning how to identify canine vertebral fractures","volume":"46","author":"Aige","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dautzenberg, P., Volk, H.A., Huels, N., Cieciora, L., Dohmen, K., L\u00fcpke, M., Seifert, H., and Harms, O. (2021). The effect of steam sterilization on different 3D printable materials for surgical use in veterinary medicine. BMC Vet. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-03065-8"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-03637-7","article-title":"Laser polished fused deposition poly-lactic acid objects for personalized orthopaedic application","volume":"2","author":"Chai","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme-2019-0132","article-title":"Canine skull digitalization and three-dimensional printing as an educational tool for anatomical study","volume":"48","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"63","article-title":"The Surgical Anatomy of Canine Coxofemoral Joint and Innovative Educational Models as El-Nady Technique and 3D Printing","volume":"57","author":"Gebriel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godinho, M.R., and Mestrinho, L.A. (2024). In-house three-dimensional printing for surgical planning: Learning curve from a case series of temporomandibular joint and related disorders. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1347107"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"863","article-title":"Use of 3D printed low-cost models for veterinary clinical skills training","volume":"15","author":"Tandir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13899","article-title":"Accuracy of anatomic three-dimensionally printed canine humeral models","volume":"52","author":"Marturello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/7\/610\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T05:02:57Z","timestamp":1782536577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/7\/610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci13070610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci13070610","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]}}}