{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T16:21:13Z","timestamp":1783095673636,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003398","name":"Shanxi Scholarship Council of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025-128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-128"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety","award":["Z-2025SKLVPHS02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z-2025SKLVPHS02"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["202403021221077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202403021221077"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The search for effective alternatives or adjuncts to conventional anti-infective strategies in food animals has increased interest in plant-derived bioactive compounds. Matrine, a quinolizidine alkaloid derived from Sophora flavescens, has attracted considerable attention because of its broad bioactivities and potential veterinary relevance. Recent oral pharmacokinetic and intestinal-lumen PBPK studies in pigs have begun to emerge; however, currently available swine data remain largely confined to oral exposure-oriented experiments and do not permit direct route comparison or estimation of absolute oral bioavailability. In the present study, the plasma pharmacokinetics of matrine in pigs were evaluated after single-dose intravenous and oral administration. Twelve healthy piglets received matrine at 8 mg\/kg body weight via either the intravenous or oral route, and plasma concentrations were quantified using a validated UPLC\u2013MS\/MS method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by non-compartmental analysis. Compared with intravenous administration, oral dosing produced lower observed exposure based on AUC0\u2212t and a lower peak plasma concentration, with AUC0\u2212t and Cmax values of 418.94 \u00b1 75.52 h\u00b7ng\/mL and 66.24 \u00b1 8.44 ng\/mL, respectively, versus 558.01 \u00b1 59.57 h\u00b7ng\/mL and 224.64 \u00b1 20.94 ng\/mL after intravenous administration. Oral administration was associated with a Tmax of 2.49 \u00b1 0.02 h and a longer apparent terminal half-life and mean residence time than intravenous dosing. These findings provide pharmacokinetic evidence to support future route selection, dosing-regimen design, and PK\/PD-based dose optimization of matrine in pigs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13070652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T14:33:06Z","timestamp":1783089186000},"page":"652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacokinetic Profile of Matrine in Pigs Following Intravenous and Oral Administration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3349-2318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianzhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panpan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2823-3354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenbiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaogui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huizhen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuohai","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongquan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113682","article-title":"Matrine: A review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, clinical application and preparation researches","volume":"269","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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