{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:58:28Z","timestamp":1792180708379,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":364,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Molecular microbiology has revolutionized our understanding of the complex host-associated microbiomes required for normative development and physiology. Horses and other members of the family Equidae are particularly reliant on the early maturation and lifelong maintenance of an unusually rich hindgut microbiome for optimal digestion and overall health and performance. Research on the equine gut microbiome has accelerated in the past several years, necessitating a renewed appraisal of the field. The present work is a comprehensive and critical review of the literature regarding the bacterial gastrointestinal microbiome of horses. First, the developmental trajectory of the foal gut microbiome is discussed, followed by descriptions of the taxonomic membership of the core equine gut microbiome, its primary functions and effects on host physiology, and intrinsic and extrinsic factors that shape the equine microbiome during health, with a focus on diet and supplements. Next, evidence supporting adverse effects on the equine gut microbiome of gastrointestinal conditions including colic and colitis, extraintestinal conditions including obesity and laminitis, and pharmacological interventions including antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is summarized. Lastly, clinical and experimental research investigating the effects of treatments targeting the gut microbiome of horses, including probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiome transfer, is critically examined. Conclusions summarize the connection between natural (i.e., wild) equine behavior and the health of the equine gut microbiome and the impacts of human management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13070659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T15:00:32Z","timestamp":1783436432000},"page":"659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Comprehensive Review of the Equine Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3053-7269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron C.","family":"Ericsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathobiology and Integrative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"},{"name":"University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2017.11.005","article-title":"Understanding the Intestinal Microbiome in Health and Disease","volume":"34","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-019-0013-3","article-title":"The gut microbiome of horses: Current research on equine enteral microbiota and future perspectives","volume":"1","author":"Kauter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaucheyras-Durand, F., Sacy, A., Karges, K., and Apper, E. (2022). Gastro-Intestinal Microbiota in Equines and Its Role in Health and Disease: The Black Box Opens. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10122517"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2012.01441.x","article-title":"A comparison of the microbiome and the metabolome of different regions of the equine hindgut","volume":"82","author":"Dougal","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2018.12.004","article-title":"Anaerobic fungal communities differ along the horse digestive tract","volume":"123","author":"Mura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-020-0023-1","article-title":"Multi-kingdom characterization of the core equine fecal microbiota based on multiple equine (sub)species","volume":"2","author":"Edwards","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"lxaf203","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxaf203","article-title":"The horse gut bacteriome and anaerobic mycobiome are influenced by seasonal forages and small intestinal starch digestibility","volume":"136","author":"Wunderlich","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, D., Yang, J., Qi, Y., Li, B., Li, K., and Mok, K.M. (2021). Metagenomic Analysis of Fecal Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaryota, and Virus in Przewalski\u2019s Horses Following Anthelmintic Treatment. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.708512"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2017-0228OC","article-title":"Lung Microbiome Is Influenced by the Environment and Asthmatic Status in an Equine Model of Asthma","volume":"60","author":"Dickson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julien, M.E., Shih, J.B., Correa Lopes, B., Vallone, L.V., Suchodolski, J.S., Pilla, R., and Scott, E.M. (2023). Alterations of the bacterial ocular surface microbiome are found in both eyes of horses with unilateral ulcerative keratitis. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291028"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin de Bustamante, M.G., Plummer, C.E., Caddey, B., and Gomez, D.E. (2025). The effect of topical antibiotic or antibiotic-corticosteroid treatment on the ocular surface microbiota of healthy horses. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1535095"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Q., Yue, Y., Kou, X., Hou, W., Wang, M., Yang, X., Liu, G., Li, Y., and Wang, C. (2023). Dynamic Distribution of Skin Microorganisms in Donkeys at Different Ages and Various Sites of the Body. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13091566"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"646-e172","article-title":"The skin microbiota in equine pastern dermatitis: A case-control study of horses in Switzerland","volume":"32","author":"Hilty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"165-e48","article-title":"The relationship between equine pastern dermatitis, meteorological factors, and the skin microbiota","volume":"33","author":"Hilty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beckers, K.F., Gomes, V.C.L., Crissman, K.R., Liu, C.C., Schulz, C.J., Childers, G.W., and Sones, J.L. (2023). Metagenetic Analysis of the Pregnant Microbiome in Horses. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13121999"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18971-6","article-title":"The healthy equine uterus harbors a distinct core microbiome plus a rich and diverse microbiome that varies with geographical location","volume":"12","author":"Holyoak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15707","article-title":"Tracheal microbial populations in horses with moderate asthma","volume":"34","author":"Manguin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0333-1","article-title":"The microbiome associated with equine periodontitis and oral health","volume":"47","author":"Kennedy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70082","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70082","article-title":"Equine Blood Microbiome in a Cohort of Clinically Healthy Trail Riding Horses","volume":"39","author":"Simms","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6314","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85484-z","article-title":"Exodontia associated bacteremia in horses characterized by next generation sequencing","volume":"11","author":"Townsend","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16612","article-title":"Topography of the respiratory, oral, and guttural pouch bacterial and fungal microbiotas in horses","volume":"37","author":"Bond","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bond, S.L., Timsit, E., Workentine, M., Alexander, T., and Leguillette, R. (2017). Upper and lower respiratory tract microbiota in horses: Bacterial communities associated with health and mild asthma (inflammatory airway disease) and effects of dexamethasone. BMC Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-1092-5"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2024.105141","article-title":"Microbial populations vary between the upper and lower respiratory tract, but not within biogeographic regions of the lung of healthy horses","volume":"140","author":"Bishop","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5056","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.005056","article-title":"Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes","volume":"71","author":"Oren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12983","article-title":"Early colonisation and temporal dynamics of the gut microbial ecosystem in Standardbred foals","volume":"51","author":"Quercia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-57003-8","article-title":"The composition of the perinatal intestinal microbiota in horse","volume":"10","author":"Husso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2024.2349948","article-title":"Relationship between the components of mare breast milk and foal gut microbiome: Shaping gut microbiome development after birth","volume":"44","author":"Mady","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mienaltowski, M.J., Callahan, M., De La Torre, U., and Maga, E.A. (2024). Comparing microbiotas of foals and their mares\u2019 milk in the first two weeks after birth. BMC Vet. Res., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03864-1"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50563-9","article-title":"Development of the equine gut microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Lindenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-020-00060-6","article-title":"Development of the equine hindgut microbiome in semi-feral and domestic conventionally-managed foals","volume":"2","author":"Tavenner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly, G.C., Holman, D.B., Muscat, K., Muscatello, G., Parra, M.C., Meale, S.J., and Chaves, A.V. (2022). Characterisation of the Faecal Microbiome of Foals from 0\u20135 Months of Age and Their Respective Mares across Five Geographic Locations. Front. Biosci. (Elite Ed.), 14.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbe1403022"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12532","article-title":"Development of the faecal microbiota in foals","volume":"48","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64657-6","article-title":"Early-life gut bacterial community structure predicts disease risk and athletic performance in horses bred for racing","volume":"14","author":"Leng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De La Torre, U., Henderson, J.D., Furtado, K.L., Pedroja, M., Elenamarie, O., Mora, A., Pechanec, M.Y., Maga, E.A., and Mienaltowski, M.J. (2019). Utilizing the fecal microbiota to understand foal gut transitions from birth to weaning. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216211"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing, J., Liu, G., Zhang, X., Bai, D., Yu, J., Li, L., Wang, X., Su, S., Zhao, Y., and Bou, G. (2020). The Composition and Predictive Function of the Fecal Microbiota Differ Between Young and Adult Donkeys. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.596394"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pyles, M., Agbana, M., Hayes, S., Flythe, M., and Lawrence, L. (2023). The Establishment of Fibrolytic Bacteria in the Foal Gastrointestinal Tract Is Related to the Occurrence of Coprophagy by Foals. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13172718"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2016.84","article-title":"Characterization of the first cultured representative of Verrucomicrobia subdivision 5 indicates the proposal of a novel phylum","volume":"10","author":"Spring","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-025-00493-x","article-title":"A novel dataset of 2,362 equine fecal microbiomes from veterinary teaching hospitals across three countries reveals effects of geography and disease","volume":"7","author":"McAdams","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13660","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40703-7","article-title":"The contribution of maternal oral, vaginal, and gut microbiota to the developing offspring gut","volume":"13","author":"Russell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, C., Ma, Y., Xia, S., Shao, J., Tang, T., Sun, W., Jia, X., Wang, J., and Lai, S. (2024). Study on Changes in Gut Microbiota and Microbiability in Rabbits at Different Developmental Stages. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14121741"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2011.01148.x","article-title":"Postnatal development of the rabbit caecal microbiota composition and activity","volume":"77","author":"Combes","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0127925","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01279-25","article-title":"Longitudinal long-read microbiome profiling in a canine model reveals how age, diet, and birth mode shape gut community dynamics","volume":"11","author":"Asaduzzaman","year":"2026","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fiaa212","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiaa212","article-title":"Supplemental selenium source on gut health: Insights on fecal microbiome and fermentation products of growing puppies","volume":"96","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deusch, O., O\u2019Flynn, C., Colyer, A., Swanson, K.S., Allaway, D., and Morris, P. (2015). A Longitudinal Study of the Feline Faecal Microbiome Identifies Changes into Early Adulthood Irrespective of Sexual Development. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144881"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1119","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1119","article-title":"Dynamic change of the gastrointestinal bacterial ecology in cows from birth to adulthood","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huuki, H., Vilkki, J., Vanhatalo, A., and Tapio, I. (2024). Fecal microbiota colonization dynamics in dairy heifers associated with early-life rumen microbiota modulation and gut health. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1353874"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-022-00222-8","article-title":"Age influences the temporal dynamics of microbiome and antimicrobial resistance genes among fecal bacteria in a cohort of production pigs","volume":"5","author":"Gaire","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-024-00294-8","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of the fecal microbiome in female pigs from early life through estrus, parturition, and weaning of the first litter of piglets","volume":"6","author":"Gaire","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11053","article-title":"Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography","volume":"486","author":"Yatsunenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.021","article-title":"Developmental trajectory of the healthy human gut microbiota during the first 5 years of life","volume":"29","author":"Roswall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mach, N., Foury, A., Kittelmann, S., Reigner, F., Moroldo, M., Ballester, M., Esquerre, D., Riviere, J., Salle, G., and Gerard, P. (2017). The Effects of Weaning Methods on Gut Microbiota Composition and Horse Physiology. Front. Physiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00535"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Q., Liu, H., Jafari, H., Liu, B., Wang, Z., Su, J., Wang, F., Yang, G., Sun, M., and Cheng, J. (2023). Metabolic changes before and after weaning in Dezhou donkey foals in relation to gut microbiota. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1306039"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.03.018","article-title":"Characterization and comparison of the bacterial microbiota in different gastrointestinal tract compartments in horses","volume":"205","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ericsson, A.C., Johnson, P.J., Lopes, M.A., Perry, S.C., and Lanter, H.R. (2016). A Microbiological Map of the Healthy Equine Gastrointestinal Tract. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166523"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Ren, X., Wu, H., Hu, H., Cheng, C., Du, M., Huang, Y., Zhao, X., Wang, L., and Yi, L. (2023). Diversity and functional prediction of fungal communities in different segments of mongolian horse gastrointestinal tracts. BMC Microbiol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03001-w"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1020","article-title":"Characterization and comparison of the bacterial microbiota in different gastrointestinal tract compartments of Mongolian horses","volume":"9","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3605","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-024-10489-8","article-title":"Comparison and characterization of the bacterial microbiota and SIgA production in different gastrointestinal segments in horses","volume":"48","author":"Bajzert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Hu, T., Liang, K., Li, S., Zhang, Q., Li, W., Qu, H., Dong, B., Zhang, H., and Ma, Q. (2024). Spatial variations in the microbiota: Comparative analysis of microbial composition and predicted functions across different intestinal segments and feces in donkeys. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1494926"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Zhang, J., Dang, W., Irwin, D.M., Wang, Z., and Zhang, S. (2020). Unveiling the Biogeography and Potential Functions of the Intestinal Digesta- and Mucosa-Associated Microbiome of Donkeys. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.596882"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, G., Bou, G., Su, S., Xing, J., Qu, H., Zhang, X., Wang, X., Zhao, Y., and Dugarjaviin, M. (2019). Microbial diversity within the digestive tract contents of Dezhou donkeys. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226186"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83783-z","article-title":"The pelvic flexure separates distinct microbial communities in the equine hindgut","volume":"11","author":"Reed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06252-11","article-title":"Equine stomachs harbor an abundant and diverse mucosal microbiota","volume":"78","author":"Perkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16241","article-title":"Gastric microbiome in horses with and without equine glandular gastric disease","volume":"35","author":"Paul","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raspa, F., Chessa, S., Bergero, D., Sacchi, P., Ferrocino, I., Cocolin, L., Corvaglia, M.R., Moretti, R., Cavallini, D., and Valle, E. (2024). Microbiota characterization throughout the digestive tract of horses fed a high-fiber vs. a high-starch diet. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1386135"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114519002824","article-title":"Dietary composition and yeast\/microalgae combination supplementation modulate the microbial ecosystem in the caecum, colon and faeces of horses","volume":"123","author":"Grimm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13229","article-title":"Applying the core microbiome to understand host-microbe systems","volume":"89","author":"Risely","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dougal, K., de la Fuente, G., Harris, P.A., Girdwood, S.E., Pinloche, E., and Newbold, C.J. (2013). Identification of a core bacterial community within the large intestine of the horse. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077660"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12137","article-title":"The core faecal bacterial microbiome of Irish Thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"57","author":"Harris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison, P.K., Newbold, C.J., Jones, E., Worgan, H.J., Grove-White, D.H., Dugdale, A.H., Barfoot, C., Harris, P.A., and Argo, C.M. (2018). The Equine Gastrointestinal Microbiome: Impacts of Age and Obesity. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03017"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/jbg.12441","article-title":"Inter-breed diversity and temporal dynamics of the faecal microbiota in healthy horses","volume":"137","author":"Massacci","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Breed. Genet"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104324","article-title":"Evaluating the core bacterial microbiome of 1,787 horses","volume":"124","author":"Bowman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2011.02434.x","article-title":"Characterization of the fecal bacteria communities of forage-fed horses by pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA V4 gene amplicons","volume":"326","author":"Shepherd","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00892.x","article-title":"Bacterial diversity within the equine large intestine as revealed by molecular analysis of cloned 16S rRNA genes","volume":"38","author":"Daly","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-0929.2008.00522.x","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of hindgut microbiota in Hokkaido native horses compared to light horses","volume":"79","author":"Yamano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.156","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health","volume":"9","author":"Flint","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-022-00224-6","article-title":"Understanding the microbial fibre degrading communities & processes in the equine gut","volume":"5","author":"Wunderlich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.7.2099-2106.2004","article-title":"Restricted distribution of the butyrate kinase pathway among butyrate-producing bacteria from the human colon","volume":"186","author":"Louis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01514.x","article-title":"Diversity, metabolism and microbial ecology of butyrate-producing bacteria from the human large intestine","volume":"294","author":"Louis","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2009.02066.x","article-title":"Diversity of human colonic butyrate-producing bacteria revealed by analysis of the butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase gene","volume":"12","author":"Louis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0485-4","article-title":"Meta-omics analysis of elite athletes identifies a performance-enhancing microbe that functions via lactate metabolism","volume":"25","author":"Scheiman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.22.0258","article-title":"Evaluation of Megasphaera elsdenii supplementation on rumen fermentation, production performance, carcass traits and health of ruminants: A meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Susanto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49963-x","article-title":"Methanogenic patterns in the gut microbiome are associated with survival in a population of feral horses","volume":"15","author":"Stothart","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2021.103731","article-title":"Degradation of Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Fructans in the Stomach of Horses Adapted to a Prebiotic Dose of Fructooligosaccharides and Inulin","volume":"105","author":"Bachmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.7.2108S","article-title":"Fermentative gases in breath indicate that inulin and starch start to be degraded by microbial fermentation in the stomach and small intestine of the horse in contrast to pectin and cellulose","volume":"136","author":"Coenen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511003825","article-title":"Alterations in microbiota and fermentation products in equine large intestine in response to dietary variation and intestinal disease","volume":"107","author":"Daly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12674","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49081-5","article-title":"Expression of immune regulatory genes correlate with the abundance of specific Clostridiales and Verrucomicrobia species in the equine ileum and cecum","volume":"9","author":"Lindenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, C., Xie, L., Xing, J., Lu, T., Qi, X., Li, L., Chen, X., Akhtar, M.F., Jin, Y., and Liu, G. (2024). Effects of concentrate feeding sequence on VFA production, and cecal microbiota of Dezhou donkeys by metagenomic technology. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1401980"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kou, X., Liu, Y., Xiang, F., Zhang, X., Khan, M.Z., Wu, B., Wang, H., Gong, Y., Wang, C., and Ma, Q. (2024). Insights into the Donkey Hindgut Microbiome Using Metagenome-Assembled Genomes. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14243625"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01448-z","article-title":"Expanded catalogue of metagenome-assembled genomes reveals resistome characteristics and athletic performance-associated microbes in horse","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.150042","article-title":"The horse gut microbiota genome represents a vast novel reservoir of CAZymes","volume":"339","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13084","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13084","article-title":"Metagenomic investigation of the equine faecal microbiome reveals extensive taxonomic diversity","volume":"10","author":"Gilroy","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2013.05.006","article-title":"Recent insights into copper-containing lytic polysaccharide mono-oxygenases","volume":"23","author":"Hemsworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.03.096","article-title":"Crystal structure of glycoside hydrolase family 127 beta-l-arabinofuranosidase from Bifidobacterium longum","volume":"447","author":"Ito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12126","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.777391","article-title":"The first crystal structure of a family 129 glycoside hydrolase from a probiotic bacterium reveals critical residues and metal cofactors","volume":"292","author":"Sato","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fuae016","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuae016","article-title":"The vast landscape of carbohydrate fermentation in prokaryotes","volume":"48","author":"Hackmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magnusdottir, S., Ravcheev, D., de Crecy-Lagard, V., and Thiele, I. (2015). Systematic genome assessment of B-vitamin biosynthesis suggests co-operation among gut microbes. Front. Genet., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2015.00148"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.03.005","article-title":"Trace metals and animal health: Interplay of the gut microbiota with iron, manganese, zinc, and copper","volume":"7","author":"Pajarillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0092924","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00929-24","article-title":"Exploring the vitamin biosynthesis landscape of the human gut microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Tarracchini","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3535","article-title":"Microbiota-mediated colonization resistance against intestinal pathogens","volume":"13","author":"Buffie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(95)90016-0","article-title":"Segmented filamentous bacteria associated with lymphoid tissues in the ileum of horses","volume":"59","author":"Lowden","year":"1995","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1258\/002367793780810441","article-title":"Intestinal, segmented, filamentous bacteria in a wide range of vertebrate species","volume":"27","author":"Klaasen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.09.033","article-title":"Induction of intestinal Th17 cells by segmented filamentous bacteria","volume":"139","author":"Ivanov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, B., Chen, H., Shu, X., Yin, Y., Li, J., Qin, J., Chen, L., Peng, K., Xu, F., and Gu, W. (2018). Presence of Segmented Filamentous Bacteria in Human Children and Its Potential Role in the Modulation of Human Gut Immunity. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01403"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1086\/315348","article-title":"Segmented filamentous bacteria prevent colonization of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O103 in rabbits","volume":"181","author":"Heczko","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02010451","article-title":"Segmented filamentous bacteria in the rodent small intestine: Their colonization of growing animals and possible role in host resistance to Salmonella","volume":"8","author":"Garland","year":"1982","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitfield-Cargile, C.M., Cohen, N.D., Suchodolski, J., Chaffin, M.K., McQueen, C.M., Arnold, C.E., Dowd, S.E., and Blodgett, G.P. (2015). Composition and Diversity of the Fecal Microbiome and Inferred Fecal Metagenome Does Not Predict Subsequent Pneumonia Caused by Rhodococcus equi in Foals. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136586"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0628-3","article-title":"Taxonomic profiling and populational patterns of bacterial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) genes based on worldwide human gut microbiome","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2019.07.012","article-title":"Diversity of Bacteria Exhibiting Bile Acid-inducible 7alpha-dehydroxylation Genes in the Human Gut","volume":"17","author":"Vital","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-09111-7","article-title":"Bile acids segregate metabolic syndrome in a cohort of 100 deeply phenotyped horses","volume":"8","author":"Donnelly","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.03.016","article-title":"Profiling of G protein-coupled receptors in vagal afferents reveals novel gut-to-brain sensing mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Egerod","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Homer, B., Judd, J., Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh, M., Ebrahimie, E., and Trott, D.J. (2023). Gut Microbiota and Behavioural Issues in Production, Performance, and Companion Animals: A Systematic Review. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13091458"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"wraf215","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wraf215","article-title":"Deciphering the universal role of gut microbiota in pollutant transformation","volume":"19","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16003","DOI":"10.1038\/npjbiofilms.2016.3","article-title":"The gut microbiota: A major player in the toxicity of environmental pollutants?","volume":"2","author":"Claus","year":"2016","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorniak, W., Cholewinska, P., Szeligowska, N., Woloszynska, M., Soroko, M., and Czyz, K. (2021). Effect of Intense Exercise on the Level of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes Phyla in the Digestive System of Thoroughbred Racehorses. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020290"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2020.102988","article-title":"Transporting and Exercising Unconditioned Horses: Effects on Microflora Populations","volume":"90","author":"Szemplinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3920\/CEP160030","article-title":"The effects of acute strenuous exercise on the faecal microbiota in Standardbred racehorses","volume":"13","author":"Janabi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Exerc. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108501","article-title":"Microbiome analysis reveals the positive effects of exercise on the gut microbiota in horse","volume":"216","author":"Ma","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y.F., Han, Z.X., Yao, X.K., Meng, J., Ren, W.L., Wang, C.K., Yuan, X.X., Zeng, Y.Q., Wang, Y.F., and Sun, Z.W. (2025). Effects of Different Stages of Training on the Intestinal Microbes of Yili Horses Analyzed Using Metagenomics. Genes, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16050504"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3920\/CEP160015","article-title":"Exercise training-induced changes in the gut microbiota of Standardbred racehorses","volume":"12","author":"Janabi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comp. Exerc. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison, P.K., Newbold, C.J., Jones, E., Worgan, H.J., Grove-White, D.H., Dugdale, A.H., Barfoot, C., Harris, P.A., and Argo, C.M. (2020). The equine gastrointestinal microbiome: Impacts of weight-loss. BMC Vet. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02295-6"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walshe, N., Cabrera-Rubio, R., Collins, R., Puggioni, A., Gath, V., Crispie, F., Cotter, P.D., Brennan, L., Mulcahy, G., and Duggan, V. (2021). A Multiomic Approach to Investigate the Effects of a Weight Loss Program on the Intestinal Health of Overweight Horses. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.668120"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langner, K., Blaue, D., Schedlbauer, C., Starzonek, J., Julliand, V., and Vervuert, I. (2020). Changes in the faecal microbiota of horses and ponies during a two-year body weight gain programme. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230015"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, Y., Wang, T., Adina, W., Yao, R., Chu, H., Yao, X., Meng, J., Wang, J., Ren, W., and Zeng, Y. (2025). Gut microbial signatures and cardiac-microbiota axis in Yili horses with divergent exercise-induced cardiac remodeling. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1689293"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03977-7","article-title":"Mining the equine gut metagenome: Poorly-characterized taxa associated with cardiovascular fitness in endurance athletes","volume":"5","author":"Mach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46118-7","article-title":"Unraveling the effects of the gut microbiota composition and function on horse endurance physiology","volume":"9","author":"Plancade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00730-w","article-title":"Multiomic analysis of different horse breeds reveals that gut microbial butyrate enhances racehorse athletic performance","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2023.e45","article-title":"Comparison of the fecal microbiota with high- and low performance race horses","volume":"66","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mach, N., Moroldo, M., Rau, A., Lecardonnel, J., Le Moyec, L., Robert, C., and Barrey, E. (2021). Understanding the Holobiont: Crosstalk Between Gut Microbiota and Mitochondria During Long Exercise in Horse. Front. Mol. Biosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.656204"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12324","article-title":"Characterisation of the faecal metabolome and microbiome of Thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"47","author":"Proudman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-018-0026-y","article-title":"Composition and richness of the serum microbiome differ by age and link to systemic inflammation","volume":"40","author":"Buford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-014-0050-9","article-title":"Microbial shifts in the aging mouse gut","volume":"2","author":"Langille","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baraille, M., Buttet, M., Grimm, P., Milojevic, V., Julliand, S., and Julliand, V. (2024). Changes of faecal bacterial communities and microbial fibrolytic activity in horses aged from 6 to 30 years old. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303029"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theelen, M.J.P., Luiken, R.E.C., Wagenaar, J.A., Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan, M.M., Rossen, J.W.A., and Zomer, A.L. (2021). The Equine Faecal Microbiota of Healthy Horses and Ponies in The Netherlands: Impact of Host and Environmental Factors. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061762"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dougal, K., de la Fuente, G., Harris, P.A., Girdwood, S.E., Pinloche, E., Geor, R.J., Nielsen, B.D., Schott, H.C., Elzinga, S., and Newbold, C.J. (2014). Characterisation of the faecal bacterial community in adult and elderly horses fed a high fibre, high oil or high starch diet using 454 pyrosequencing. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087424"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, X., Xi, L., Zhao, L., Han, J., Qu, H., Xu, Y., and Weng, W. (2025). Exploring the distinctive characteristics of gut microbiota across different horse breeds and ages using metataxonomics. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1590839"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-022-00325-5","article-title":"Immunosenescence and inflammaging in the aged horse","volume":"20","author":"DeNotta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2020.103355","article-title":"Effect of Gender Bias on Equine Fecal Microbiota","volume":"97","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2024.105034","article-title":"Changes in fecal microbiota during estrous cycle in healthy thoroughbred mares","volume":"135","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Li, X., Li, Z., Han, Q., Hu, T., Zhang, Q., Qu, H., Zhang, H., Qu, Y., and Shi, D. (2025). Comparative analysis of composition and spatial variations in the foregut microbiota of male and female donkeys. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1532265"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-014-0528-5","article-title":"Analysis of the gut microbiota by high-throughput sequencing of the V5-V6 regions of the 16S rRNA gene in donkey","volume":"68","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan, Y., Li, Y., and Wang, Y. (2025). Microbiome analysis reveals dynamic changes of gut microbiota in Guizhou horse and Dutch Warmblood horses. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1562482"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16206","article-title":"The effects of signalment, diet, geographic location, season, and colitis associated with antimicrobial use or Salmonella infection on the fecal microbiome of horses","volume":"35","author":"Arnold","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.15.0587","article-title":"Comparison of Fecal Microbiota of Mongolian and Thoroughbred Horses by High-throughput Sequencing of the V4 Region of the 16S rRNA Gene","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-020-00027-7","article-title":"Domesticated equine species and their derived hybrids differ in their fecal microbiota","volume":"2","author":"Edwards","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, W., Yu, J., He, Y., Liu, M., and Yang, X. (2022). The diversity analysis and gene function prediction of intestinal bacteria in three equine species. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.973828"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03116-2","article-title":"Gut Microbiome Characteristics in feral and domesticated horses from different geographic locations","volume":"5","author":"Ang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9032","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9032","article-title":"Comparative study of gut microbiota in Tibetan wild asses (Equus kiang) and domestic donkeys (Equus asinus) on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15497","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15375-9","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of domestication and captivity on the horse gut microbiome","volume":"7","author":"Metcalf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, K.A., Rogers, C.W., Gee, E.K., Kittelmann, S., Bolwell, C.F., Bermingham, E.N., Biggs, P.J., and Thomas, D.G. (2021). Resilience of Faecal Microbiota in Stabled Thoroughbred Horses Following Abrupt Dietary Transition between Freshly Cut Pasture and Three Forage-Based Diets. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092611"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13456","article-title":"Hay versus haylage: Forage type influences the equine urinary metabonome and faecal microbiota","volume":"54","author":"Leng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME16061","article-title":"Diet-Dependent Modular Dynamic Interactions of the Equine Cecal Microbiota","volume":"31","author":"Kristoffersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbes Environ."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glatter, M., Borewicz, K., van den Bogert, B., Wensch-Dorendorf, M., Bochnia, M., Greef, J.M., Bachmann, M., Smidt, H., Breves, G., and Zeyner, A. (2019). Modification of the equine gastrointestinal microbiota by Jerusalem artichoke meal supplementation. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220553"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2021.103803","article-title":"Fecal microbiome responses to sudden diet change in Mangalarga Marchador horses","volume":"108","author":"Franzan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, K.A., Kittelmann, S., Rogers, C.W., Gee, E.K., Bolwell, C.F., Bermingham, E.N., and Thomas, D.G. (2014). Faecal microbiota of forage-fed horses in New Zealand and the population dynamics of microbial communities following dietary change. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112846"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jing, H., Liu, P., Zheng, S., Cao, K., and Li, X. (2025). Total mixed ration enhances nutrient digestibility, blood biochemical parameters and faecal microbial diversity in horses. BMC Vet. Res., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04937-z"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, L., Xing, J., Qi, X., Lu, T., Jin, Y., Akhtar, M.F., Li, L., and Liu, G. (2023). Effects of Concentrate Feeding Sequence on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, VFA Production, and Fecal Microbiota of Weaned Donkeys. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13182893"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2016.09.010","article-title":"Effects of feeding management on the equine ceal microbiota","volume":"49","author":"Venable","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15748","article-title":"Fecal microbiota in horses with asthma","volume":"34","author":"Leclere","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26930-3","article-title":"Variation in faecal microbiota in a group of horses managed at pasture over a 12-month period","volume":"8","author":"Salem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa407","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa407","article-title":"Effect of hay type on cecal and fecal microbiome and fermentation parameters in horses","volume":"99","author":"Sorensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Xu, Z., Sun, L., Cheng, Z., Yu, Y., Chen, Y., Li, F., and Zang, C. (2026). Effects of Dietary Non-Fibrous Carbohydrate to Neutral Detergent Fiber Ratio on Apparent Digestibility, Fecal Microbiota, and Plasma Metabolomics in Yili Horses. Animals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16050844"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison, P.K., Newbold, C.J., Jones, E., Worgan, H.J., Grove-White, D.H., Dugdale, A.H., Barfoot, C., Harris, P.A., and Argo, C.M. (2020). Effect of age and the individual on the gastrointestinal bacteriome of ponies fed a high-starch diet. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232689"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-782","article-title":"Effects of dietary short-chain fructooligosaccharides on the intestinal microflora of horses subjected to a sudden change in diet","volume":"86","author":"Respondek","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandi, L.A., Nunes, A.T., Faleiros, C.A., Poleti, M.D., Oliveira, E.C.M., Schmidt, N.T., Sousa, R.L.M., Fukumasu, H., Balieiro, J.C.C., and Brandi, R.A. (2024). Dietary Energy Sources Affect Cecal and Fecal Microbiota of Healthy Horses. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14233494"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2026.100619","article-title":"Starch Overload and Cecal Alkalinization: Impacts on the Intestinal Microbiota and Health of Horses","volume":"32","author":"Bustamante","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731120001512","article-title":"The effect of supplementing pony diets with yeast on 2. The faecal microbiome","volume":"14","author":"Garber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5077","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2017.1754","article-title":"Influence of short-term dietary starch inclusion on the equine cecal microbiome","volume":"95","author":"Warzecha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Zhang, C., Wang, Y., Du, M., Zhang, G., and Lee, Y. (2021). Dietary Energy Level Impacts the Performance of Donkeys by Manipulating the Gut Microbiome and Metabolome. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.694357"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laroche, N., Grimm, P., Julliand, S., and Sorci, G. (2024). Diet modulates strongyle infection and microbiota in the large intestine of horses. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301920"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collinet, A., Grimm, P., Julliand, S., and Julliand, V. (2021). Sequential Modulation of the Equine Fecal Microbiota and Fibrolytic Capacity Following Two Consecutive Abrupt Dietary Changes and Bacterial Supplementation. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051278"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17032","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67869-y","article-title":"Remodeling of intestinal bacterial community and metabolome of Dezhou donkey induced by corn silage","volume":"14","author":"Sha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"27216","article-title":"High nutrient availability reduces the diversity and stability of the equine caecal microbiota","volume":"26","author":"Hansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harlow, B.E., Lawrence, L.M., Hayes, S.H., Crum, A., and Flythe, M.D. (2016). Effect of Dietary Starch Source and Concentration on Equine Fecal Microbiota. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154037"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wang, X., He, Q., Wang, G., Wu, Z., Liu, Q., Du, M., Zhao, Y., Bou, G., and Zhang, X. (2026). Effects of dietary protein on weight gain, biochemical parameters, and gut microbiota in late-gestation grazing Mongolian mares. Agriculture, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture16090936"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Diao, K., Li, H., Zhang, C., Zhang, G., and Guo, C. (2025). Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Production Performance, Meat Quality Traits, and Gut Microbiome of Fatting Dezhou Donkeys. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13061388"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Wang, X., Deng, L., Chen, S., Zhu, C., and Li, J. (2021). Effects of Pasture Grass, Silage, and Hay Diet on Equine Fecal Microbiota. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051330"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Wang, X., Liu, B., Yi, Z., Zhao, Y., Deng, L., Holyoak, R., and Li, J. (2021). The Effect of Ryegrass Silage Feeding on Equine Fecal Microbiota and Blood Metabolite Profile. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.715709"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17288","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17288","article-title":"Characterization and comparison of fecal microbiota in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and age-matched controls","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, K.A., Gee, E.K., Rogers, C.W., Kittelmann, S., Biggs, P.J., Bermingham, E.N., Bolwell, C.F., and Thomas, D.G. (2021). Seasonal Variation in the Faecal Microbiota of Mature Adult Horses Maintained on Pasture in New Zealand. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082300"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKinney, C.A., Bedenice, D., Pacheco, A.P., Oliveira, B.C.M., Paradis, M.R., Mazan, M., and Widmer, G. (2021). Assessment of clinical and microbiota responses to fecal microbial transplantation in adult horses with diarrhea. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244381"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, R., Zhang, W., Shen, W., Zhang, G., Xie, T., Li, L., Jinmei, J., Liu, Y., Kong, F., and Guo, B. (2023). Analysis of gut microbiota in chinese donkey in different regions using metagenomic sequencing. BMC Genom., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-023-09575-z"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2020.1745317","article-title":"Effects of hypersensitivity disorders and environmental factors on the equine intestinal microbiota","volume":"40","author":"Hilty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaitseva, S., Dagurova, O., Radnagurueva, A., Kozlova, A., Izotova, A., Krylova, A., Noskov, S., Begmatov, S., Patutina, E., and Barkhutova, D.D. (2023). Fecal Microbiota and Diet Composition of Buryatian Horses Grazing Warm- and Cold-Season Grass Pastures. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11081947"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-022-00192-x","article-title":"Fecal microbiome of horses transitioning between warm-season and cool-season grass pasture within integrated rotational grazing systems","volume":"4","author":"Biddle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2020.103306","article-title":"The Horse Gut Microbiome Responds in a Highly Individualized Manner to Forage Lignification","volume":"96","author":"Gomez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2017.08.021","article-title":"Supplement Use and Perceptions: A Study of US Horse Owners","volume":"59","author":"Swirsley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_187","unstructured":"intelmarketresearch (2026, April 24). Equine Supplement Products Market Growth Analysis, Dynamics, Key Players and Innovations, Outlook and Forecast 2026\u20132034. Available online: https:\/\/www.intelmarketresearch.com\/equine-supplement-s-market-31077."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2020.11.002","article-title":"The Safety and Efficacy in Horses of Certain Nutraceuticals that Claim to Have Health Benefits","volume":"37","author":"Vervuert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skae143","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae143","article-title":"The balance of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in canine, feline, and equine nutrition: Exploring sources and the significance of alpha-linolenic acid","volume":"102","author":"Burron","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4643","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16535","article-title":"Interaction between dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, obesity and gut microbiota in preclinical models: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"27","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_191","first-page":"123","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and gut microbiota","volume":"29","author":"Hull","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, B., Zhao, D., Zhou, S., Kang, J.X., and Wang, B. (2025). Insight into the effects of Omega-3 fatty acids on gut microbiota: Impact of a balanced tissue Omega-6\/Omega-3 ratio. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1575323"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, F., Ma, Z., Du, X., Wang, C., Liu, G., and Zhou, M. (2025). Methionine Alters the Fecal Microbiota and Enhances the Antioxidant Capacity of Lactating Donkeys. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15050648"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, J., Jing, H., Wang, J., Lucien-Cabaraux, J.F., Yang, K., Liu, W., and Li, X. (2024). Effects of lysine and threonine on milk yield, amino acid metabolism, and fecal microbiota of Yili lactating mares. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1396053"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, C., Zeng, Y., Wang, J., Yao, X., and Meng, J. (2025). BCAA supplementation enhances milk fat synthesis in Yili mares and promotes foal growth through remodeling of intestinal amino acid metabolism. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1699614"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skad232","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skad232","article-title":"Effect of ellagic acid on body weight, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, and urolithin A metabolism in Thoroughbred horses","volume":"101","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Lin, J., Ma, C., Wei, G., Hu, Q., and Li, X. (2026). Effects of L-selenomethionine supplementation on nutrient digestibility and metabolism, antioxidant capacity, hormone levels, and fecal microbiota diversity in pregnant Yili mares during mid- to late gestation. BMC Vet. Res., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-026-05366-2"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2021.103804","article-title":"Impact of Dietary Zinc Chloride Hydroxide and Zinc Methionine on the Faecal Microbiota of Healthy Adult Horses and Ponies","volume":"110","author":"Passlack","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_199","first-page":"97","article-title":"Effect of dietary iron supplementation on the equine fecal microbiome","volume":"87","author":"Arantes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2026.2635203","article-title":"Effects of feeding biochar on the faecal bacterial community in horses","volume":"25","author":"Ticha","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shmagel, A., Demmer, R., Knights, D., Butler, M., Langsetmo, L., Lane, N.E., and Ensrud, K. (2019). The Effects of Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate on Gut Microbial Composition: A Systematic Review of Evidence from Animal and Human Studies. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020294"},{"key":"ref_202","first-page":"146","article-title":"Domestogenic diseases","volume":"1","author":"Fox","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int. J. Stud. Anim. Prob"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.25-0105","article-title":"Minimal disruption of equine gut microbiota by intravenous cephalothin treatment","volume":"87","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13389","article-title":"Changes in the faecal bacterial microbiota during hospitalisation of horses with colic and the effect of different causes of colic","volume":"53","author":"Stewart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, T., Cheong, H., Yoon, J., Kim, A., Yun, Y., and Unno, T. (2021). Comparison of the Fecal Microbiota of Horses with Intestinal Disease and Their Healthy Counterparts. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8060113"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70039","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70039","article-title":"Longitudinal Changes in Fecal Microbiota During Hospitalization in Horses With Different Types of Colic","volume":"39","author":"Loublier","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12361","article-title":"Changes in the faecal microbiota of mares precede the development of post partum colic","volume":"47","author":"Weese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, M.C., Arroyo, L.G., Allen-Vercoe, E., Stampfli, H.R., Kim, P.T., Sturgeon, A., and Weese, J.S. (2012). Comparison of the fecal microbiota of healthy horses and horses with colitis by high throughput sequencing of the V3-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041484"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13010","article-title":"Differences in the equine faecal microbiota between horses presenting to a tertiary referral hospital for colic compared with an elective surgical procedure","volume":"51","author":"Stewart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1294\/jes.36.93","article-title":"Correlation of hindgut microbiome and fermentation properties with a history of gas and\/or impaction colic in Japanese draft horses","volume":"36","author":"Yano","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Equine Sci."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomson, P., Garrido, D., Santibanez, R., and Lara, F. (2024). Preliminary Functional Analysis of the Gut Microbiome in Colic Horses. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14223222"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arroyo, L.G., Rossi, L., Santos, B.P., Gomez, D.E., Surette, M.G., and Costa, M.C. (2020). Luminal and Mucosal Microbiota of the Cecum and Large Colon of Healthy and Diarrheic Horses. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10081403"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salem, S.E., Maddox, T.W., Antczak, P., Ketley, J.M., Williams, N.J., and Archer, D.C. (2019). Acute changes in the colonic microbiota are associated with large intestinal forms of surgical colic. BMC Vet. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2205-1"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoster, A., Staempfli, H.R., Guardabassi, L.G., Jalali, M., and Weese, J.S. (2017). Comparison of the fecal bacterial microbiota of healthy and diarrheic foals at two and four weeks of life. BMC Vet. Res., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1064-x"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez, C., Taminiau, B., Brevers, B., Avesani, V., Van Broeck, J., Leroux, A., Gallot, M., Bruwier, A., Amory, H., and Delmee, M. (2015). Faecal microbiota characterisation of horses using 16 rdna barcoded pyrosequencing, and carriage rate of clostridium difficile at hospital admission. BMC Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0514-5"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Lan, Y., Zhang, S., and Wang, X. (2022). Comparative Analysis of Gut Microbiota Between Healthy and Diarrheic Horses. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.882423"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.03.004","article-title":"Depletion of Butyrate-Producing Clostridia from the Gut Microbiota Drives an Aerobic Luminal Expansion of Salmonella","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13350","article-title":"Outbreak of acute larval cyathostominosis\u2014A \u201cperfect storm\u201d of inflammation and dysbiosis","volume":"53","author":"Walshe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zak-Bochenek, A., Bajzert, J., Sambor, D., Siwinska, N., Szponar, B., Laczmanski, L., Zebrowska, P., Czajkowska, A., Karczewski, M., and Chelmonska-Soyta, A. (2022). Homeostasis of the Intestinal Mucosa in Healthy Horses-Correlation between the Fecal Microbiome, Secretory Immunoglobulin A and Fecal Egg Count. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12223094"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106044","article-title":"Species interactions, stability, and resilience of the gut microbiota\u2014Helminth assemblage in horses","volume":"26","author":"Boisseau","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2017.11.003","article-title":"The relationships between faecal egg counts and gut microbial composition in UK Thoroughbreds infected by cyathostomins","volume":"48","author":"Peachey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47204-6","article-title":"Dysbiosis associated with acute helminth infections in herbivorous youngstock\u2014Observations and implications","volume":"9","author":"Peachey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, A., Salle, G., Ballan, V., Reigner, F., Meynadier, A., Cortet, J., Koch, C., Riou, M., Blanchard, A., and Mach, N. (2018). Strongyle Infection and Gut Microbiota: Profiling of Resistant and Susceptible Horses Over a Grazing Season. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00272"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2005.05.023","article-title":"The genetic diversity of lactic acid producing bacteria in the equine gastrointestinal tract","volume":"248","author":"Scott","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuniyazi, M., He, J., Guo, J., Li, S., Zhang, N., Hu, X., and Fu, Y. (2021). Changes of microbial and metabolome of the equine hindgut during oligofructose-induced laminitis. BMC Vet. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02686-9"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuniyazi, M., Tang, R., Hu, X., Fu, Y., and Zhang, N. (2024). Carbonate buffer mixture and fecal microbiota transplantation hold promising therapeutic effects on oligofructose-induced diarrhea in horses. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1388227"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnold, C., Pilla, R., Chaffin, K., Lidbury, J., Steiner, J., and Suchodolski, J. (2021). Alterations in the Fecal Microbiome and Metabolome of Horses with Antimicrobial-Associated Diarrhea Compared to Antibiotic-Treated and Non-Treated Healthy Case Controls. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061807"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bustamante, C.C., de Paula, V.B., Rabelo, I.P., Fernandes, C.C., Kishi, L.T., Canola, P.A., Lemos, E.G.M., and Valadao, C.A.A. (2022). Effects of Starch Overload and Cecal Buffering on Fecal Microbiota of Horses. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12233435"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savilammi, T., Alakangas, R.R., Hayrynen, T., and Uusi-Heikkila, S. (2024). Gut Microbiota Profiling as a Promising Tool to Detect Equine Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14162396"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindroth, K.M., Johansen, A., Baverud, V., Dicksved, J., Lindberg, J.E., and Muller, C.E. (2020). Differential Defecation of Solid and Liquid Phases in Horses-A Descriptive Survey. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10010076"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindroth, K.M., Lindberg, J.E., Johansen, A., and Muller, C.E. (2021). Feeding and Management of Horses with and without Free Faecal Liquid: A Case-Control Study. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092552"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2016.04.098","article-title":"Field study on risk factors for free fecal water in pleasure horses","volume":"44","author":"Kienzle","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15778","article-title":"Dysbiosis is not present in horses with fecal water syndrome when compared to controls in spring and autumn","volume":"34","author":"Schoster","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12903","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63868-1","article-title":"Dysbiosis not observed in Canadian horse with free fecal liquid (FFL) using 16S rRNA sequencing","volume":"14","author":"Wester","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laustsen, L., Edwards, J.E., Hermes, G.D.A., Luthersson, N., van Doorn, D.A., Okrathok, S., Kujawa, T.J., and Smidt, H. (2021). Free Faecal Water: Analysis of Horse Faecal Microbiota and the Impact of Faecal Microbial Transplantation on Symptom Severity. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11102776"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83897-4","article-title":"Faecal bacterial composition in horses with and without free faecal liquid: A case control study","volume":"11","author":"Lindroth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porter, M.M., Davis, D.J., McAdams, Z.L., Townsend, K.S., Martin, L.M., Wilhite, C., Johnson, P.J., and Ericsson, A.C. (2025). Alterations in the Microbiome of Horses Affected with Fecal Water Syndrome. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12080724"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-012-2070-5","article-title":"Analysis of stomach bacterial communities in Australian feral horses","volume":"40","author":"Wright","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1507.07054","article-title":"Diversity of the Gastric Microbiota in Thoroughbred Racehorses Having Gastric Ulcer","volume":"26","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, L.J., Ericsson, A.C., Andrews, F.M., McAdams, Z., Keowen, M.L., St Blanc, M.P., and Banse, H.E. (2023). Field study examining the mucosal microbiome in equine glandular gastric disease. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295697"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.104002","article-title":"A study comparing the healthy and diseased equine glandular gastric microbiota sampled with sheathed transendoscopic cytology brushes","volume":"116","author":"Voss","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S111","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.07.0277","article-title":"Dietary and management factors influence the equine gastric microbiome","volume":"260","author":"Paul","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irving, J., Pineau, V., Shultz, S., Ter Woort, F., Julien, F., Lambey, S., and van Erck-Westergren, E. (2025). Impact of Low-Starch Dietary Modifications on Faecal Microbiota Composition and Gastric Disease Scores in Performance Horses. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15131908"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64279-0","article-title":"Helicobacter equorum sp. nov., a urease-negative Helicobacter species isolated from horse faeces","volume":"57","author":"Moyaert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biddle, A.S., Tomb, J.F., and Fan, Z. (2018). Microbiome and Blood Analyte Differences Point to Community and Metabolic Signatures in Lean and Obese Horses. Front. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00225"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coleman, M.C., Whitfield-Cargile, C.M., Madrigal, R.G., and Cohen, N.D. (2019). Comparison of the microbiome, metabolome, and lipidome of obese and non-obese horses. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215918"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ansari, A.S., Duggan, V., Mulcahy, G., Yin, X., Brennan, L., Cotter, P.D., Patel, S.H., O\u2019Donovan, C.M., Crispie, F., and Walshe, N. (2025). Faecal microbiota and serum metabolome association with equine metabolic syndrome in connemara ponies. BMC Vet. Res., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04853-2"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2016.05.010","article-title":"Comparison of the fecal microbiota in horses with equine metabolic syndrome and metabolically normal controls fed a similar all-forage diet","volume":"44","author":"Elzinga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, A.C.B., and Biddle, A.S. (2021). A standard scale to measure equine keeper status and the effect of metabolic tendency on gut microbiome structure. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11071975"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219154","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.219154","article-title":"The effect of diet change and insulin dysregulation on the faecal microbiome of ponies","volume":"223","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8736","article-title":"Postprandial glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 responses of different equine breeds adapted to meals containing micronized maize","volume":"93","author":"Bamford","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2008.67","article-title":"Microbial ecology of the equine hindgut during oligofructose-induced laminitis","volume":"2","author":"Milinovich","year":"2008","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2007.01327.x","article-title":"Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of hindgut bacteria associated with the development of equine laminitis","volume":"9","author":"Milinovich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.11.017","article-title":"Illumina sequencing of the V4 hypervariable region 16S rRNA gene reveals extensive changes in bacterial communities in the cecum following carbohydrate oral infusion and development of early-stage acute laminitis in the horse","volume":"168","author":"Moreau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-600","article-title":"Dietary fructan carbohydrate increases amine production in the equine large intestine: Implications for pasture-associated laminitis","volume":"85","author":"Crawford","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1078\/07232020260517625","article-title":"Allisonella histaminiformans gen. nov., sp. nov. A novel bacterium that produces histamine, utilizes histidine as its sole energy source, and could play a role in bovine and equine laminitis","volume":"25","author":"Garner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steelman, S.M., Chowdhary, B.P., Dowd, S., Suchodolski, J., and Janecka, J.E. (2012). Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes in fecal samples reveals high diversity of hindgut microflora in horses and potential links to chronic laminitis. BMC Vet. Res., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-231"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12606","article-title":"Prospective cohort study evaluating risk factors for the development of pasture-associated laminitis in the United Kingdom","volume":"49","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.253.4.470","article-title":"Case-control study of risk factors for pasture-and endocrinopathy-associated laminitis in North American horses","volume":"253","author":"Coleman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-24-109","article-title":"Correlation of fecal microbiome dysregulation to synovial transcriptome in an equine model of obesity associated osteoarthritis","volume":"12","author":"Chow","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin de Bustamante, M., Gomez, D., MacNicol, J., Hamor, R., and Plummer, C. (2021). The Fecal Bacterial Microbiota in Horses with Equine Recurrent Uveitis. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030745"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.7b00784","article-title":"Exploration of the Fecal Microbiota and Biomarker Discovery in Equine Grass Sickness","volume":"17","author":"Leng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimmer-Scherr, C., Taminiau, B., Renaud, B., van Loon, G., Palmers, K., Votion, D., Amory, H., Daube, G., and Cesarini, C. (2021). Comparison of Fecal Microbiota of Horses Suffering from Atypical Myopathy and Healthy Co-Grazers. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020506"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francois, A.C., Cesarini, C., Taminiau, B., Renaud, B., Kruse, C.J., Boemer, F., van Loon, G., Palmers, K., Daube, G., and Wouters, C.P. (2025). Unravelling Faecal Microbiota Variations in Equine Atypical Myopathy: Correlation with Blood Markers and Contribution of Microbiome. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15030354"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16004","article-title":"Detection of maple toxins in mare\u2019s milk","volume":"35","author":"Sander","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renaud, B., Francois, A.C., Boemer, F., Kruse, C., Stern, D., Piot, A., Petitjean, T., Gustin, P., and Votion, D.M. (2021). Grazing Mares on Pasture with Sycamore Maples: A Potential Threat to Suckling Foals and Food Safety through Milk Contamination. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010087"},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez, D.E., Kopper, J.J., Byrne, D.P., Renaud, D.L., Schoster, A., Dunkel, B., Arroyo, L.G., Mykkanen, A., Gilsenan, W.F., and Pihl, T.H. (2024). Treatment approaches to horses with acute diarrhea admitted to referral institutions: A multicenter retrospective study. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313783"},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1983.44.01.46","article-title":"Effects of transportation, surgery, and antibiotic therapy in ponies infected with Salmonella","volume":"44","author":"Owen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13587","article-title":"Antimicrobial prescribing and antimicrobial resistance surveillance in equine practice","volume":"55","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.14535","article-title":"Use of a point prevalence survey to measure antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in equine veterinary hospitals","volume":"58","author":"Leus","year":"2026","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13988","article-title":"Antibiotic usage in 14 equine practices over a 10-year period (2012\u20132021)","volume":"56","author":"Tallon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2021.1907301","article-title":"The equine hindgut as a reservoir of mobile genetic elements and antimicrobial resistance genes","volume":"47","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01465-6","article-title":"Longitudinal study of the short- and long-term effects of hospitalisation and oral trimethoprim-sulfadiazine administration on the equine faecal microbiome and resistome","volume":"11","author":"Theelen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, M.C., Stampfli, H.R., Arroyo, L.G., Allen-Vercoe, E., Gomes, R.G., and Weese, J.S. (2015). Changes in the equine fecal microbiota associated with the use of systemic antimicrobial drugs. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0335-7"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16853","article-title":"Longitudinal effects of oral administration of antimicrobial drugs on fecal microbiota of horses","volume":"37","author":"Gomez","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liepman, R.S., Swink, J.M., Habing, G.G., Boyaka, P.N., Caddey, B., Costa, M., Gomez, D.E., and Toribio, R.E. (2022). Effects of Intravenous Antimicrobial Drugs on the Equine Fecal Microbiome. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12081013"},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104993","article-title":"Equine fecal microbiota response to short term antibiotic administration","volume":"133","author":"Parker","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Pietro, R., Arroyo, L.G., Leclere, M., and Costa, M.C. (2021). Species-Level Gut Microbiota Analysis after Antibiotic-Induced Dysbiosis in Horses. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11102859"},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kauter, A., Brombach, J., Lubke-Becker, A., Kannapin, D., Bang, C., Franzenburg, S., Stoeckle, S.D., Mellmann, A., Scherff, N., and Kock, R. (2023). Antibiotic prophylaxis and hospitalization of horses subjected to median laparotomy: Gut microbiota trajectories and abundance increase of Escherichia. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1228845"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnold, C.E., Isaiah, A., Pilla, R., Lidbury, J., Coverdale, J.S., Callaway, T.R., Lawhon, S.D., Steiner, J., and Suchodolski, J.S. (2020). The cecal and fecal microbiomes and metabolomes of horses before and after metronidazole administration. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232905"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.104004","article-title":"Simultaneous Daily Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Fails to Prevent Metronidazole-Induced Dysbiosis of Equine Gut Microbiota","volume":"114","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17276","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17276","article-title":"Effects of orally administered clioquinol on the fecal microbiome of horses","volume":"39","author":"Smith","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foster, D.M., Jacob, M.E., Farmer, K.A., Callahan, B.J., Theriot, C.M., Kathariou, S., Cernicchiaro, N., Prange, T., and Papich, M.G. (2019). Ceftiofur formulation differentially affects the intestinal drug concentration, resistance of fecal Escherichia coli, and the microbiome of steers. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223378"},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutjens, S., Vereecke, N., De Spiegelaere, W., Croubels, S., and Devreese, M. (2022). Intestinal Exposure to Ceftiofur and Cefquinome after Intramuscular Treatment and the Impact of Ceftiofur on the Pig Fecal Microbiome and Resistome. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11030342"},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lagounova, M., MacNicol, J.L., Weese, J.S., and Pearson, W. (2023). The Effect of Dietary Synbiotics in Actively Racing Standardbred Horses Receiving Trimethoprim\/Sulfadiazine. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13142344"},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collinet, A., Grimm, P., Julliand, S., and Julliand, V. (2021). Multidimensional Approach for Investigating the Effects of an Antibiotic-Probiotic Combination on the Equine Hindgut Ecosystem and Microbial Fibrolysis. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.646294"},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57479-9","article-title":"A Common Practice of Widespread Antimicrobial Use in Horse Production Promotes Multi-Drug Resistance","volume":"10","author":"Berghaus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13570","article-title":"Characterisation of faecal microbiota in horses medicated with oral doxycycline hyclate","volume":"55","author":"Chapuis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freccero, F., Lanci, A., Mariella, J., Viciani, E., Quercia, S., Castagnetti, A., and Castagnetti, C. (2021). Changes in the Fecal Microbiota Associated with a Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Administration in Hospitalized Neonatal Foals with Probiotics Supplementation. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082283"},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.04.010","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in faecal Escherichia coli isolates from horses treated with antimicrobials: A longitudinal study in hospitalised and non-hospitalised horses","volume":"159","author":"Johns","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitfield-Cargile, C.M., Chamoun-Emanuelli, A.M., Cohen, N.D., Richardson, L.M., Ajami, N.J., and Dockery, H.J. (2018). Differential effects of selective and non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors on fecal microbiota in adult horses. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202527"},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s40793-024-00620-2","article-title":"Integrated analysis of gut metabolome, microbiome, and exfoliome data in an equine model of intestinal injury","volume":"12","author":"Chung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16093","article-title":"Effects of phenylbutazone alone or in combination with a nutritional therapeutic on gastric ulcers, intestinal permeability, and fecal microbiota in horses","volume":"35","author":"Coleman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2019.02.003","article-title":"Removal of adult cyathostomins alters faecal microbiota and promotes an inflammatory phenotype in horses","volume":"49","author":"Walshe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2019.01.018","article-title":"Equine Fecal Microbiota Changes Associated With Anthelmintic Administration","volume":"77","author":"Kunz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-020-00056-2","article-title":"Bugs and drugs: A systems biology approach to characterising the effect of moxidectin on the horse\u2019s faecal microbiome","volume":"2","author":"Daniels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.1.79","article-title":"Investigation of effects of omeprazole on the fecal and gastric microbiota of healthy adult horses","volume":"80","author":"Tyma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15937","article-title":"Effect of oral administration of omeprazole on the microbiota of the gastric glandular mucosa and feces of healthy horses","volume":"34","author":"Cerri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfeifle, R.L., Ericsson, A.C., McCoy, A.M., Boothe, D.M., Wooldridge, A.A., Groover, E.S., Sierra-Rodriguez, T., and Lascola, K.M. (2023). Multidose misoprostol pharmacokinetics and its effect on the fecal microbiome in healthy adult horses. Am. J. Vet. Res., 84.","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.22.09.0161"},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ericsson, A.C., Johnson, P.J., Gieche, L.M., Zobrist, C., Bucy, K., Townsend, K.S., Martin, L.M., and LaCarrubba, A.M. (2021). The Influence of Diet Change and Oral Metformin on Blood Glucose Regulation and the Fecal Microbiota of Healthy Horses. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11040976"},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganda, E., Chakrabarti, A., Sardi, M.I., Tench, M., Kozlowicz, B.K., Norton, S.A., Warren, L.K., and Khafipour, E. (2023). Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product improves robustness of equine gut microbiome upon stress. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1134092"},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2018.04.004","article-title":"Effect of Road Transport on the Equine Cecal Microbiota","volume":"68","author":"Perry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12479","article-title":"Effects of transport, fasting and anaesthesia on the faecal microbiota of healthy adult horses","volume":"48","author":"Schoster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8311","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65444-9","article-title":"Priming for welfare: Gut microbiota is associated with equitation conditions and behavior in horse athletes","volume":"10","author":"Mach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.05.039","article-title":"Changes of the hindgut microbiota due to high-starch diet can be associated with behavioral stress response in horses","volume":"149","author":"Destrez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.02.003","article-title":"Dietary-induced modulation of the hindgut microbiota is related to behavioral responses during stressful events in horses","volume":"202","author":"Destrez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54039-8","article-title":"High-starch diets alter equine faecal microbiota and increase behavioural reactivity","volume":"9","author":"Bulmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2024.105198","article-title":"Fecal microbiome and functional prediction profiles of horses with and without crib-biting behavior: A comparative study","volume":"142","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.735","article-title":"Caecal microbiota in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking","volume":"8","author":"Aleman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5007","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84497-y","article-title":"Gut microbiota resilience in horse athletes following holidays out to pasture","volume":"11","author":"Mach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6687","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6687","article-title":"A longitudinal study of the faecal microbiome and metabolome of periparturient mares","volume":"7","author":"Salem","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Huang, B., Wang, Y., Zhan, Y., Zhu, M., and Wang, C. (2022). Dynamic alterations in the donkey fecal bacteria community and metabolome characteristics during gestation. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.927561"},{"key":"ref_313","unstructured":"Xing, J., Jia, M., Zhang, G., Li, L., Liu, S., Li, G., and Liu, G. (2025). The composition and predictive function of the fecal microbiota in female donkeys across different reproductive cycles. Front. Microbiol., 16."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Ma, Q., Liu, G., Zhang, Z., Zhan, Y., Zhu, M., and Wang, C. (2022). Metabolic Alternations During Gestation in Dezhou Donkeys and the Link to the Gut Microbiota. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.801976"},{"key":"ref_315","first-page":"43","article-title":"Assessment of commercial probiotic bacterial contents and label accuracy","volume":"52","author":"Weese","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2021.103728","article-title":"Microbial Variability of Commercial Equine Probiotics","volume":"106","author":"Berreta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John, J., Roediger, K., Schroedl, W., Aldaher, N., and Vervuert, I. (2015). Development of intestinal microflora and occurrence of diarrhoea in sucking foals: Effects of Bacillus cereus var. toyoi supplementation. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0355-3"},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.2031","article-title":"Evaluation of Lactobacillus pentosus WE7 for prevention of diarrhea in neonatal foals","volume":"226","author":"Weese","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12584","article-title":"Effect of a probiotic on prevention of diarrhea and Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens shedding in foals","volume":"29","author":"Schoster","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12923","article-title":"Effects of oral supplementation of probiotic strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Enterococcus faecium on diarrhoea events of foals in their first weeks of life","volume":"102","author":"Strobel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12524","article-title":"The longitudinal effect of a multi-strain probiotic on the intestinal bacterial microbiota of neonatal foals","volume":"48","author":"Schoster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13079","article-title":"Effect of oral supplementation of probiotic strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Enterococcus faecium on the composition of the faecal microbiota of foals","volume":"103","author":"Urubschurov","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_323","first-page":"26","article-title":"Evaluation of a host-specific Lactobacillus probiotic in neonatal foals","volume":"2","author":"Yuyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1294\/jes.25.37","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and Intestinal Barrier-protective Activities of Commensal Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria in Thoroughbreds: Role of Probiotics in Diarrhea Prevention in Neonatal Thoroughbreds","volume":"25","author":"Tanabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Equine Sci."},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-022-09918-4","article-title":"Microbiota, Phagocytic Activity, Biochemical Parameters and Parasite Control in Horses with Application of Autochthonous, Bacteriocin-Producing, Probiotic Strain Enterococcus faecium EF 412","volume":"15","author":"Laukova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zak-Bochenek, A., Zebrowska-Rozanska, P., Bajzert, J., Laczmanski, L., Szponar, B., Siwinska, N., Gladysz, K., Sikorska, K., and Chelmonska-Soyta, A. (2024). Investigating the potential immunomodulatory effects of commercial oral probiotic supplements on equine gastrointestinal tract barrier function. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1487664"},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"txae124","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txae124","article-title":"Oral probiotic administration attenuates postexercise inflammation in horses","volume":"8","author":"Jacobs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2004.05.004","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial using probiotics to prevent Salmonella fecal shedding in hospitalized horses","volume":"24","author":"Ward","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00071.x","article-title":"A clinical trial of probiotic administration for prevention of Salmonella shedding in the postoperative period in horses with colic","volume":"11","author":"Parraga","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.740","article-title":"Factors associated with Salmonella shedding among equine colic patients at a veterinary teaching hospital","volume":"218","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaf005","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf005","article-title":"Influence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-1077 on the fecal pH, markers of gut permeability, fecal microbiota, and markers of systemic inflammation in sedentary horses fed a high-starch diet","volume":"103","author":"Carter","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucassen, A., Hankel, J., Finkler-Schade, C., Osbelt, L., Strowig, T., Visscher, C., and Schuberth, H.J. (2022). Feeding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation Product (Olimond BB) Does Not Alter the Fecal Microbiota of Thoroughbred Racehorses. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12121496"},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2020.103106","article-title":"Impact of Dietary Cellobiose on the Fecal Microbiota of Horses","volume":"91","author":"Passlack","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105432","article-title":"Equine microbiome shifts with dietary mannan-rich fraction inclusion","volume":"148","author":"Power","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., Wang, Y., Li, P., Liu, J., Mao, X., Li, Z., Wen, Z., Yin, Y., Li, Y., and Lin, G. (2025). Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharides Enhance Lactational Performance, Nutrient Metabolism, Plasma Metabolomics, and Gut Microbiota in Dezhou Donkeys. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26189105"},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindenberg, F.C., Lutzhoft, D.O., Krych, L., Fielden, J., Kot, W., Frokiaer, H., van Galen, G., Nielsen, D.S., and Hansen, A.K. (2021). An Oligosaccharide Rich Diet Increases Akkermansia spp. Bacteria in the Equine Microbiota. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.666039"},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, B., Khan, M.Z., Chen, Y., Liang, H., Kou, X., Wang, X., Ren, W., Wang, C., and Zhang, Z. (2023). Yeast polysaccharide supplementation: Impact on lactation, growth, immunity, and gut microbiota in Dezhou donkeys. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1289371"},{"key":"ref_338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mienaltowski, M.J., Belt, A., Henderson, J.D., Boyd, T.N., Marter, N., Maga, E.A., and DePeters, E.J. (2020). Psyllium supplementation is associated with changes in the fecal microbiota of horses. BMC Res. Notes, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-020-05305-w"},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boshuizen, B., Moreno de Vega, C.V., De Mare, L., de Meeus, C., de Oliveira, J.E., Hosotani, G., Gansemans, Y., Deforce, D., Van Nieuwerburgh, F., and Delesalle, C. (2021). Effects of Aleurone Supplementation on Glucose-Insulin Metabolism and Gut Microbiome in Untrained Healthy Horses. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.642809"},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boshuizen, B., De Mare, L., Oosterlinck, M., Van Immerseel, F., Eeckhaut, V., De Meeus, C., Devisscher, L., Vidal Moreno de Vega, C., Willems, M., and De Oliveira, J.E. (2025). Aleurone supplementation enhances the metabolic benefits of training in Standardbred mares: Impacts on glucose-insulin dynamics and gut microbiome composition. Front. Physiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1565005"},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ford, T., McAdams, Z.L., Townsend, K.S., Martin, L.M., Johnson, P.J., and Ericsson, A.C. (2023). Effect of Sugar Beet Pulp on the Composition and Predicted Function of Equine Fecal Microbiota. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12091254"},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, V.J., LeBlanc, N., and Penell, J. (2022). Results of a Clinical Trial Showing Changes to the Faecal Microbiome in Racing Thoroughbreds after Feeding a Nutritional Supplement. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10010027"},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2006.03.008","article-title":"Enteritis and colitis in horses","volume":"22","author":"Feary","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70854","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70854","article-title":"Survey on Faecal Microbiota Transplantation and Probiotic Use in Equine Practice in France and Belgium","volume":"12","author":"Loublier","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12559","article-title":"Equine faecal microbiota transplant: Current knowledge, proposed guidelines and future directions","volume":"30","author":"Mullen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loublier, C., Taminiau, B., Heinen, J., Lecoq, L., Amory, H., Daube, G., and Cesarini, C. (2023). Evaluation of Bacterial Composition and Viability of Equine Feces after Processing for Transplantation. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020231"},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2024.106220","article-title":"Storage of equine faecal microbiota transplantation solution has minimal impact on major bacterial communities and structure","volume":"307","author":"Bell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, A.E., Pitta, D., Hennessy, M., Indugu, N., Vecchiarelli, B., Luethy, D., Aceto, H., and Hurcombe, S. (2024). Assessment of fecal bacterial viability and diversity in fresh and frozen fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) product in horses. BMC Vet. Res., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04166-w"},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18860","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.18860","article-title":"Changes in bacterial viability after preparation and storage of fecal microbiota transplantation solution using equine feces","volume":"13","author":"Arantes","year":"2025","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2020.103360","article-title":"In Vitro Evaluation of the Effect of Storage at \u221220 \u00b0C and Proximal Gastrointestinal Conditions on Viability of Equine Fecal Microbiota Transplant","volume":"98","author":"Kopper","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKinney, C.A., Oliveira, B.C.M., Bedenice, D., Paradis, M.R., Mazan, M., Sage, S., Sanchez, A., and Widmer, G. (2020). The fecal microbiota of healthy donor horses and geriatric recipients undergoing fecal microbial transplantation for the treatment of diarrhea. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230148"},{"key":"ref_352","first-page":"1123","article-title":"Evaluation of changes in microbiota after fecal microbiota transplantation in 6 diarrheic horses","volume":"62","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-5521","article-title":"Efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation for treating acute colitis in horses undergoing colic surgery","volume":"38","author":"Dias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pesqui. Veterin\u00e1ria Bras."},{"key":"ref_354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2023.v13.i9.9","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplant for treatment of diarrhea in adult hospitalized horses-111 cases (2013\u20132018)","volume":"13","author":"Quattrini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17185","article-title":"Effects of fecal microbiota transplantation on clinical outcomes and fecal microbiota of foals with diarrhea","volume":"38","author":"Bell","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_356","first-page":"85","article-title":"Effects of concentrated fecal microbiota transplant on the equine fecal microbiota after antibiotic-induced dysbiosis","volume":"87","author":"Arroyo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2023.102291","article-title":"Reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance in the context of One Health","volume":"73","author":"Despotovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phelipon, R., Hennes, N., Ruet, A., Bret-Morel, A., Gorecka-Bruzda, A., and Lansade, L. (2024). Forage, freedom of movement, and social interactions remain essential fundamentals for the welfare of high-level sport horses. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1504116"},{"key":"ref_359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2012.0300","article-title":"Forage nutritive value and preference of cool-season grasses under horse grazing","volume":"105","author":"Allen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2018.07.0442","article-title":"Yield, forage nutritive value, and preference of legumes under horse grazing","volume":"111","author":"Catalano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2016.11.0684","article-title":"Preference, yield, and forage nutritive value of annual grasses under horse grazing","volume":"109","author":"Grev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5579","article-title":"Dietary experience modifies horses\u2019 feeding behavior and selection patterns of three macronutrient rich diets","volume":"92","author":"Redgate","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_363","unstructured":"Kohnke, J., Kelleher, F., and Trevor-Jones, P. (1999). Feeding Horses in Australia\u2014A Guide for Owners and Managers, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation."},{"key":"ref_364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0593-2","article-title":"Gut microbiome composition is associated with spatial structuring and social interactions in semi-feral Welsh Mountain ponies","volume":"6","author":"Antwis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/7\/659\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T15:42:19Z","timestamp":1783438939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/7\/659"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":364,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci13070659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci13070659","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}}}