{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T11:23:46Z","timestamp":1783596226087,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is an important respiratory pathogen of poultry associated with respiratory disease, reproductive losses, secondary bacterial complications, and economic losses in commercial poultry systems worldwide. This narrative review summarizes current evidence regarding the epidemiology, molecular diversity, transmission ecology, diagnosis, vaccination, and wildlife\u2013poultry interactions of aMPV across Africa and the Middle East. This literature was identified through structured searches of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect using predefined keywords related to epidemiology, molecular characterization, surveillance, wild birds, diagnostics, and vaccination. Available evidence demonstrates widespread endemic circulation of aMPV, with subtype B predominating across most investigated poultry systems. However, major heterogeneity exists among studies regarding surveillance intensity, diagnostic methodologies, molecular characterization, and reporting standards. Current evidence suggests possible involvement of wild birds in viral dissemination, although definitive reservoir competence and transmission directionality remain insufficiently established. Important surveillance gaps persist across several African and Middle Eastern countries, emphasizing the need for harmonized surveillance, subtype-matched vaccination strategies, and integrated regional monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13070668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T10:16:22Z","timestamp":1783592182000},"page":"668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Avian Metapneumovirus: A Narrative Review of Biology, Epidemiology, Transmission Ecology, Diagnostics and Control with Special Reference to Africa and the Middle East"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3992-0782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar S.","family":"Saeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara A.","family":"Shabana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Giza 12211, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Gamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8541-7953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basem M.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayman H.","family":"El-Deeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, El-Tor 46618, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0024-2451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haitham M.","family":"Amer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Egyptian Chinese University, Cairo 11437, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-2880-1","article-title":"Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: Update 2016","volume":"161","author":"Afonso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. 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