{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:48:16Z","timestamp":1785433696744,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011789","name":"Jilin Provincial Department of science and technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20230101255JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230101255JC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["20230101255JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230101255JC"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049x38272","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32573352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32573352"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32573352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32573352"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection is associated with inflammatory responses, but the mechanisms underlying inflammasome activation remain unclear. In this study, Madin\u2013Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells were used to compare the inflammatory responses induced by the cytopathogenic NADL strain and the non-cytopathogenic TC strain. Both strains significantly increased IL-1\u03b2 and IL-18 production and promoted NLRP3 inflammasome assembly, indicating activation of upstream inflammasome signaling. However, only the NADL strain markedly induced Gasdermin D (GSDMD) cleavage, membrane pore formation, lactate dehydrogenase release, and pyroptotic cell death. Further mechanistic analyses demonstrated that the NADL core protein C interacted with the inflammasome adaptor ASC, thereby facilitating NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and enhancing inflammatory cytokine secretion. Silencing ASC significantly impaired inflammasome activation and pyroptosis induced by protein C, confirming its essential role in this process. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the cytopathogenic BVDV NADL strain activates ASC-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis through its core protein C, providing a molecular explanation for the distinct inflammatory responses and pathogenic outcomes associated with different BVDV biotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13070673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T13:16:28Z","timestamp":1783689388000},"page":"673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Cytopathogenic BVDV Core Protein Binds with ASC-Enhance the Assembly of Inflammasome Complex and GSDMD-Mediated Pyroptosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ning","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongming","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture College, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiying","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zitong","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture College, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanli","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naichao","family":"Diao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture College, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"},{"name":"College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6732453","DOI":"10.1155\/vmi\/6732453","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology and Control Strategies for BVDV: A Global Systematic Review From 2000 to 2025","volume":"2025","author":"Rana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110697","article-title":"Bovine viral diarrhea virus eradication in Germany: A never-ending success story or just the last 46 PI animals?","volume":"309","author":"Wernike","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, X., Huang, J., Cai, Y., Zhang, W., and Cheng, Y. (2026). Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Vaccine Protection Strategies. Vet. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13020180"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110825","article-title":"Vitamin C combined with anti-PD-1 antibody alleviates peripheral lymphopenia and enhances CD4+ T-cell antiviral immunity during BVDV infection","volume":"312","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tesfaye Melkamsew, A., Sisay Tessema, T., and Paeshuyse, J. (2025). Host Immune Response to Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV): Insights and Strategies for Effective Vaccine Design. Vaccines, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202501.0876.v1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, Z., Wang, J., Tan, B., and Zhang, S. (2025). A Systematic Study of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Co-Infection with Other Pathogens. Viruses, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/v17050700"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye\u015filba\u011f, K., Alpay, G., and Becher, P. (2017). Variability and Global Distribution of Subgenotypes of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9060128"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsu, B.V., Fay, E.J., Nguyen, K.T., Corley, M.R., Hosuru, B., Dominguez, V.A., and Daugherty, M.D. (2021). Running with Scissors: Evolutionary Conflicts Between Viral Proteases and the Host Immune System. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.769543"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang, F., Long, Q., and Wei, M. (2023). Immune evasion strategies of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1282526"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.142767","article-title":"Identification of three novel B cell epitopes targeting the bovine viral diarrhea virus NS3 protein for use in diagnostics and vaccine development","volume":"308","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, Q., Xiao, Y., Liu, Z., Zhang, W., Wu, A., Zhang, H., and Sheng, J. (2025). Screening and Characterization of TAT-Fused Nanobodies Targeting Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus NS3\/NS5A for Antiviral Application. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15111593"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Zhang, J., Wang, L., Liang, Q., Niu, Y., Gu, L., Wei, Y., and Li, J. (2023). Integrative Transcriptomics and Proteomics Analysis Reveals Immune Response Process in Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-1-Infected Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10100596"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2010016","article-title":"Cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV): Emerging pestiviruses doomed to extinction","volume":"41","author":"Peterhans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2021.12.005","article-title":"Identification of differentially expressed gene pathways between cytopathogenic and non-cytopathogenic BVDV-1 strains by analysis of the transcriptome of infected primary bovine cells","volume":"567","author":"Testard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georges, H.M., Van Campen, H., Bielefeldt-Ohmann, H., and Hansen, T.R. (2022). Epigenomic and Proteomic Changes in Fetal Spleens Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus: Repercussions for the Developing Immune System, Bone, Brain, and Heart. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030506"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holthausen, D.J., Bayles, D.O., Neill, J.D., Dassanayake, R.P., Falkenberg, S.M., Nielsen, D.W., Goldkamp, A.K., Menghwar, H., and Casas, E. (2025). Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 strains generate deletion viral genomes primarily in the NS2 region of the viral genome. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1686098"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, J., Sun, F., Zhou, M., Fu, K., and Yang, H. (2026). Molecular Characteristics and Pathogenicity Analysis of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Strain Isolated from Persistently Infected Cattle. Animals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16010153"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-024-01284-z","article-title":"Non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) inhibits innate immune responses via induction of mitophagy","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109948","article-title":"The activation of liver X receptors in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells and mice restricts infection by bovine viral diarrhea virus","volume":"288","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miros\u0142aw, P., Rola-\u0141uszczak, M., Ku\u017amak, J., and Polak, M.P. (2022). Transcriptomic Analysis of MDBK Cells Infected with Cytopathic and Non-Cytopathic Strains of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV). Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061276"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2023.13047","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome in viral infection (Review)","volume":"28","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-023-00822-2","article-title":"Drugging the NLRP3 inflammasome: From signalling mechanisms to therapeutic targets","volume":"23","author":"Lamkanfi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, Y., and Zhang, L. (2023). Mechanistic and therapeutic insights into the function of NLRP3 inflammasome in sterile arthritis. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1273174"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00588-x","article-title":"Inflammasome activation at the crux of severe COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Vora","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, W., Jin, M., Chen, H., Wu, Z., Yuan, L., Liang, S., Wang, X., Memon, F.U., Eldemery, F., and Si, H. (2023). Inflammasome activation by viral infection: Mechanisms of activation and regulation. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1247377"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, J., Zhou, Z., He, N., Zhou, H., Liu, X., Zhao, Y., Zhao, L., Zhang, J., Zhu, Y., and Zong, Y. (2025). Tunneling nanotubes provide a new route for bovine viral diarrhea virus spreading. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1667394"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, N., Wang, Q., Liu, H.Y., Li, L.M., Tian, T., Yin, J.Y., Zheng, W., Ma, Q.X., Wang, T.T., and Li, T. (2022). Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle between 2010 and 2021: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1086180"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zirra-Shallangwa, B., Gonz\u00e1lez Gordon, L., Hernandez-Castro, L.E., Cook, E.A.J., Bronsvoort, B.M.C., and Kelly, R.F. (2022). The Epidemiology of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.947515"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rana, E.A., Prodhan, M.A., Aleri, J.W., Akter, S.H., Annandale, H., Abraham, S., Sarker, S., Gogoi-Tiwari, J., and Uddin, J.M. (2025). A Critical Review of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus: Spotlights on Host Plasticity and Potential Spillover Events. Viruses, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/v17091221"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)01936-3","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory programmed cell death","volume":"9","author":"Cookson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, X., Li, Y., Shen, W., Oladejo, A.O., Yang, J., Jiang, W., Imam, B.H., Wu, X., Ding, X., and Yang, Y. (2021). LPS Mediates Bovine Endometrial Epithelial Cell Pyroptosis Directly Through Both NLRP3 Classical and Non-Classical Inflammasome Pathways. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.676088"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472987","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2025.2472987","article-title":"S-nitrosoglutathione inhibits pyroptosis of kidney tubular epithelial cells in sepsis via the SIRT3\/SOD2\/mtROS signaling pathway","volume":"47","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4124","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI94495","article-title":"Caspase-11-mediated endothelial pyroptosis underlies endotoxemia-induced lung injury","volume":"127","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170129","article-title":"Nano-selenium alleviates the pyroptosis of cardiovascular endothelial cells in chicken induced by decabromodiphenyl ether through ERS-TXNIP-NLRP3 pathway","volume":"915","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Cao, L., Li, P., Jiao, Z., Liu, X., Lu, X., Liu, T., and Wang, H. (2025). Effects of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Secretome on Pyroptosis of Laparoscopic Hepatic Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in a Porcine Model. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14100722"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2024.116449","article-title":"Dynamic changes in pyroptosis following spinal cord injury and the identification of crucial molecular signatures through machine learning and single-cell sequencing","volume":"251","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandey, K.P., and Zhou, Y. (2022). Influenza A Virus Infection Activates NLRP3 Inflammasome through Trans-Golgi Network Dispersion. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010088"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., and Jiang, Q. (2023). Uncoupled pyroptosis and IL-1\u03b2 secretion downstream of inflammasome signaling. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1128358"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20210711","article-title":"No longer married to inflammasome signaling: The diverse interacting pathways leading to pyroptotic cell death","volume":"479","author":"Weir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2025.02.005","article-title":"Controlling pyroptosis through post-translational modifications of gasdermin D","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52110-1","article-title":"Antagonistic nanobodies implicate mechanism of GSDMD pore formation and potential therapeutic application","volume":"15","author":"Schiffelers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-8-1893","article-title":"Establishment of persistent infection with non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhoea virus in cattle is associated with a failure to induce type I interferon","volume":"82","author":"Charleston","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81820-0","article-title":"The double-stranded RNA-induced apoptosis pathway is involved in the cytopathogenicity of cytopathogenic Bovine viral diarrhea virus","volume":"87","author":"Yamane","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, J., and Borg, N.A. (2022). The multifaceted roles of NLRP3-modulating proteins in virus infection. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.987453"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1861","article-title":"Influenza virus activates inflammasomes via its intracellular M2 ion channel","volume":"11","author":"Ichinohe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25490","article-title":"Hepatitis B core antigen can regulate NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in HepG2 cells","volume":"91","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02645-3","article-title":"Zika virus infection induces host inflammatory responses by facilitating NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and interleukin-1\u03b2 secretion","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Chen, G., Yin, J., Nie, L., Li, L., Du, Q., Tong, D., and Huang, Y. (2024). Pseudorabies Virus UL4 protein promotes the ASC-dependent inflammasome activation and pyroptosis to exacerbate inflammation. PLoS Pathog., 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012546"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10564","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65578-2","article-title":"Atomic mechanisms of full-length ASC-mediated inflammasome assembly","volume":"16","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2396-6","article-title":"Assembly and regulation of ASC specks","volume":"74","author":"Hoss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/7\/673\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T04:12:29Z","timestamp":1783829549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/7\/673"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci13070673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci13070673","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]}}}