{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T13:02:41Z","timestamp":1785157361815,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia","award":["KFU262609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFU262609"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet. Sci.","Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The dramatic rise in global aquaculture has brought renewed focus on filamentous fungi impacting fish health and aquafeeds. The fungal genus Aspergillus has a Janus-like role in aquaculture. On the pathogenic side, opportunistic pathogens like A. flavus, A. niger and A. fumigatus cause outbreaks of aspergillosis, with granulomatous lesions and significant mortality, especially in fish with impaired immunity and\/or poor environmental conditions. Toxigenic strains of A. flavus and A. parasiticus also contaminate aquafeeds with aflatoxins, some of the most toxic natural hepatotoxins and carcinogens, which have been shown to affect growth, immunity and aflatoxin residues in edible fish fillets. On the positive side, non-toxigenic strains of A. niger, A. oryzae and A. awamori are increasingly used as fungal probiotics, solid-state fermenters to upgrade plant protein feed supplements, and as sources of industrially useful hydrolytic enzymes, secondary metabolites and antifungal compounds. Synthesizing evidence from over 90 peer-reviewed studies, this narrative review elucidates how species, strain, and rearing context jointly determine whether Aspergillus behaves as a pathogen or as a functional additive. We highlight knowledge gaps, offer an interpretative model and suggest practical strategies to limit risks and leverage the biotechnological uses of Aspergillus for sustainable aquaculture. The novelty of this review lies in integrating, within a single finfish-focused framework, the three usually separate faces of Aspergillus\u2014pathogen, aflatoxin producer, and functional feed additive\u2014and in translating this dual nature into practical, strain-level guidance for aquaculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13080737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T11:54:26Z","timestamp":1785153266000},"page":"737","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Janus Face of Aspergillus in Fish Aquaculture: From Pathogenic Threat to Functional Feed Additive"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Michelyne","family":"Haroun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Resources Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Tratrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9292-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roshmon Thomas","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Resources Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2508-4426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Munir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Shawky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ouda Nasser","family":"Aldakhilallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Resources Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Avian Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1595-1197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ashour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Resources Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2605-0535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar Mohamed","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9894-7777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athina","family":"Geronikaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2024). 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