{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:33:57Z","timestamp":1785407637501,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the strategic research fund of the University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest","award":["SRF-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRF-003"]}]},{"award":["SRF-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRF-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03vayv672","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","award":["2026-2.1.1-EK\u00d6P-2026-00015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026-2.1.1-EK\u00d6P-2026-00015"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","award":["2026-2.1.1-EK\u00d6P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026-2.1.1-EK\u00d6P"]}]},{"award":["2026-2.1.1-EK\u00d6P-2026-00015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026-2.1.1-EK\u00d6P-2026-00015"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03vhmm238","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2026-2.1.1-EK\u00d6P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026-2.1.1-EK\u00d6P"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03vhmm238","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), financed under the National Recovery Fund budget estimate","award":["RRF-2.3.1\u201321\u20132022\u201300,001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1\u201321\u20132022\u201300,001"]}]},{"name":"the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), financed under the National Recovery Fund budget estimate","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet. Sci.","Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bioactive collagen peptides and collagen hydrolysates are dietary proteins whose degradation products also carry signaling activity. This second part of a two-part narrative review addresses the translational dimensions of their bioactivity, integrating veterinary clinical trials, controlled animal-model studies, and human biomedical data, with evidence strictly stratified by type. The gastrointestinal tract acts not only as the absorption site but as a target organ. In cell culture and rodent models, luminal collagen fragments restore tight-junction integrity, alter the microbiome, and shift the enterohepatic bile acid pool; increased secondary bile acid synthesis is proposed to engage the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5). None of these steps have been demonstrated in veterinary clinical patients. The accompanying GLP-1 and PYY response may reflect direct amino acid stimulation of enteroendocrine cells as much as a bile acid-dependent route, and current data do not separate the two. Veterinary trials show objective kinetic improvement in osteoarthritic dogs and horses. Taurine-responsive dilated cardiomyopathy is a reversible, diet-amenable condition; as the principal bile acid conjugation substrate in carnivores, taurine acts on the same bile acid pool as a mechanistically separate input. Recent data implicate prolyl-hydroxyproline in brown adipogenesis, collagen peptides in hippocampal neurogenesis, and taurine in platelet normalisation. The gut\u2013collagen peptide axis is an evolving model linking dietary collagen to systemic metabolic, endocrine, and immune signaling, with implications for companion-animal, equine, and livestock practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13080747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T11:45:26Z","timestamp":1785239126000},"page":"747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioactive Collagen Peptides in Veterinary and Biomedical Science\u2014Part II: The Gut\u2013Collagen Peptide Axis, Bile Acid Signaling, and Translational Therapeutic Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2470-4792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kriszti\u00e1n","family":"N\u00e9meth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Borb\u00e1la","family":"M\u00f3zes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tibor","family":"Bartha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogl\u00e1rka M\u00e1ria","family":"Schilling-T\u00f3th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8842-1798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gergely","family":"J\u00f3cs\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1555-8766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e1vid S\u00e1ndor","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1gnes","family":"Sterczer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Kis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Csepel Central Veterinary Clinic, T\u00e1ncsics Mih\u00e1ly u. 33, H-1212 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0168-4753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"T\u00f3th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00e9meth, K., Kis, M., M\u00f3zes, B., Schilling-T\u00f3th, B.M., J\u00f3cs\u00e1k, G., T\u00f3th, I., Kiss, D.S., L\u00e1nyi, K., Csorba, S., and Bartha, T. (2026). Bioactive Collagen Peptides in Veterinary and Biomedical Science\u2014Part I: Molecular Identity, Gastrointestinal Bioavailability, and Receptor-Mediated Signaling, with Relevance to the Bile Acid Axis. Vet. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13080726"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplan, J.L., Stern, J.A., Fascetti, A.J., Larsen, J.A., Skolnik, H., Peddle, G.D., Kienle, R.D., Waxman, A., Cocchiaro, M., and Gunther-Harrington, C.T. (2018). Taurine deficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy in golden retrievers fed commercial diets. PLoS ONE, 13, Correction in PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0210233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0210233.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210233"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13306","article-title":"Low plasma taurine levels in English cocker spaniels diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"62","author":"Basili","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobenecker, B., B\u00f6swald, L.F., Reese, S., Steigmeier-Raith, S., Trillig, L., Oesser, S., Schunck, M., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., and Hugenberg, J. (2024). The oral intake of specific Bioactive Collagen Peptides (BCP) improves gait and quality of life in canine osteoarthritis patients-A translational large animal model for a nutritional therapy option. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308378"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2011.01166.x","article-title":"Comparative therapeutic efficacy and safety of type-II collagen (UC-II), glucosamine and chondroitin in arthritic dogs: Pain evaluation by ground force plate","volume":"96","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.33.273","article-title":"Collagen peptides enhance hippocampal neurogenesis and reduce anxiety related behavior in mice","volume":"33","author":"Kakoi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabn9257","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn9257","article-title":"Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging","volume":"380","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO01347C","article-title":"Collagen peptides ameliorate intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in immunostimulatory Caco-2 cell monolayers via enhancing tight junctions","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70177","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.70177","article-title":"Collagen peptides ameliorate murine chronic colitis: Toward the molecular basis for their enhancement of intestinal epithelial defenses against oxidative stress","volume":"69","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spadari, A., Gialletti, R., Gandini, M., Valle, E., Cerullo, A., Cavallini, D., Bertoletti, A., Rinnovati, R., Forni, G., and Scilimati, N. (2023). Short-Term Survival and Postoperative Complications Rates in Horses Undergoing Colic Surgery: A Multicentre Study. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13061107"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00e9meth, K., Sterczer, \u00c1., Kiss, D.S., L\u00e1nyi, R.K., Hemz\u0151, V., V\u00e1mos, K., Bartha, T., Buz\u00e1s, A., and L\u00e1nyi, K. (2024). Determination of bile acids in canine biological samples: Diagnostic significance. Metabolites, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14040178"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.56385\/magyallorv.2025.01.11-30","article-title":"Kuty\u00e1k epesavprofil-meghat\u00e1roz\u00e1s\u00e1nak diagnosztikai \u00e9s ter\u00e1pi\u00e1s vonatkoz\u00e1sai I.: Irodalmi \u00f6sszefogal\u00f3","volume":"147","author":"Sterczer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Magy. \u00c1llatorvosok Lapja"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.56385\/magyallorv.2025.4.219-235","article-title":"Kuty\u00e1k epesavprofil-meghat\u00e1roz\u00e1s\u00e1nak diagnosztikai \u00e9s ter\u00e1pi\u00e1s vonatkoz\u00e1sai II","volume":"147","author":"Kiss","year":"2025","journal-title":"Magy. \u00c1llatorvosok Lapja"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Kiss, G., M\u00f3zes, B., Sterczer, \u00c1., L\u00e1nyi, K., N\u00e9meth, K., and Ps\u00e1der, R. (2026). Fasting serum bile acid profiles in dogs with food-responsive and immunosuppressant-responsive chronic inflammatory enteropathy: An exploratory LC\u2013MS\/MS study. Animals, in press."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Yoldi, M., Aranaz, P., Riezu-Boj, J.I., Gonz\u00e1lez-Salazar, I., Izco, J.M., Recalde, J.I., Gonz\u00e1lez-Navarro, C.J., and Milagro, F.I. (2025). Low-Molecular-Weight Bovine Collagen Peptides Reduce Fat Accumulation in C. elegans and Ameliorate Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction and Microbiota Diversity in C57BL\/6 Male Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26189149"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.212159","article-title":"Farnesoid X receptor activation inhibits inflammation and preserves the intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"60","author":"Gadaleta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, W., Zhang, K., Guo, J., and Xu, L. (2025). Bile acid-mediated gut-liver axis crosstalk: The role of nuclear receptor signaling in dynamic regulation of inflammatory networks. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1595486"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4915","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61821-6","article-title":"Impaired bile acid metabolism with defectives of mitochondrial-tRNA taurine modification and bile acid taurine conjugation in the taurine depleted cats","volume":"10","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R000042","article-title":"Bile salts of vertebrates: Structural variation and possible evolutionary significance","volume":"51","author":"Hofmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"262","article-title":"Taurine: A conditionally essential amino acid in humans? An overview in health and disease","volume":"17","author":"Camilo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.112495","article-title":"A novel approach to quantitative profiling of bile acids in dog blood serum by means triple quadruple LC-MS\/MS: A step-by-step method optimization","volume":"208","author":"Kiss","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fhfh.2026.100275","article-title":"Psyllium as a mechanical sequestrant: Redefining canine bile acid kinetics and the hepatic synthesis response via high-resolution LC-MS\/MS profiling","volume":"9","author":"Kiss","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll. Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2023.02.007","article-title":"Psyllium fiber protects against colitis via activation of bile acid sensor farnesoid X receptor","volume":"15","author":"Bretin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00e9meth, K., T\u00f3th, I., L\u00e1nyi, K., Schilling-T\u00f3th, B.M., Csorba, S., \u017dura \u017daja, I., and Sterczer, \u00c1. (2026). The Collaborative Collapse: Bile Acid Dysmetabolism as a Central Pathogenic Driver in Canine and Feline Multi-Systemic Disorders\u2014From Mechanisms to Precision Therapeutics. Vet. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13020182"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101493","article-title":"Gut microbiome and bile acids in obesity-related diseases","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114525103851","article-title":"The effects of collagen peptide supplementation on appetite and post-exercise energy intake in females: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"134","author":"Reynolds","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03327784","article-title":"Oral ingestion of a hydrolyzed gelatin meal in subjects with normal weight and in obese patients: Postprandial effect on circulating gut peptides, glucose and insulin","volume":"13","author":"Rubio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord.-Stud. Anorex. Bulim. Obes."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Yoldi, M., Riezu-Boj, J.I., Abete, I., Ibero-Baraibar, I., Aranaz, P., Gonz\u00e1lez-Salazar, I., Izco, J.M., Recalde, J.I., Gonz\u00e1lez-Navarro, C.J., and Milagro, F.I. (2024). Anti-Obesity Effects of a Collagen with Low Digestibility and High Swelling Capacity: A Human Randomized Control Trial. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16203550"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nomura, K., Kimira, Y., Kobayashi, R., Shiobara, Y., Osawa, Y., Kataoka-Matsushita, A., Shimizu, J., Wada, M., and Mano, H. (2024). Collagen-derived dipeptide prolyl-hydroxyproline cooperates with Foxg1 to activate the PGC-1\u03b1 promoter and induce brown adipocyte-like phenotype in rosiglitazone-treated C3H10T1\/2 cells. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1375532"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"e10","article-title":"Collagen supplementation in metabolic syndrome: A narrative review unraveling the biological mechanisms and effects","volume":"39","author":"Zulet","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1185\/030079906X148373","article-title":"Collagen hydrolysate for the treatment of osteoarthritis and other joint disorders: A review of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Bello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.14076","article-title":"Collagen hydrolysates as nutritional support in canine osteoarthritis: A narrative review","volume":"109","author":"Blees","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comblain, F., Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my, N., Lef\u00e8bvre, M., Schwartz, C., Lesponne, I., Serisier, S., Feugier, A., Balligand, M., and Henrotin, Y. (2017). A randomized, double-blind, prospective, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of a diet supplemented with curcuminoids extract, hydrolyzed collagen and green tea extract in owner\u2019s dogs with osteoarthritis. BMC Vet. Res., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1317-8"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.4236\/ojas.2017.73020","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Specific Collagen Peptides on Osteoarthritis in Dogs-Impact on Metabolic Processes in Canine Chondrocytes","volume":"7","author":"Schunck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2009.01079.x","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of undenatured type-II collagen (UC-II) in comparison to glucosamine and chondroitin in arthritic horses","volume":"32","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12863","article-title":"Specific bioactive collagen peptides (PETAGILE\u00ae) as supplement for horses with osteoarthritis: A two-centred study","volume":"102","author":"Dobenecker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2020-0313","article-title":"Collagen and vitamin C supplementation increases lower limb rate of force development","volume":"32","author":"Lis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.138594","article-title":"Vitamin C-enriched gelatin supplementation before intermittent activity augments collagen synthesis","volume":"105","author":"Shaw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.628","article-title":"Radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease in geriatric cats: 100 cases (1994\u20131997)","volume":"220","author":"Hardie","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211053484","article-title":"Evaluation of a nutritional supplement for the alleviation of pain associated with feline degenerative joint disease: A prospective, randomized, stratified, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Cunningham","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-017-2490-6","article-title":"Roles of dietary glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline in collagen synthesis and animal growth","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3616607","article-title":"Myocardial failure in cats associated with low plasma taurine: A reversible cardiomyopathy","volume":"237","author":"Pion","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.223.1137","article-title":"Taurine deficiency in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy: 12 cases (1997\u20132001)","volume":"223","author":"Fascetti","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00092.x","article-title":"Results of the multicenter spaniel trial (MUST): Taurine- and carnitine-responsive dilated cardiomyopathy in American cocker spaniels with decreased plasma taurine concentration","volume":"11","author":"Kittleson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s44149-025-00195-6","article-title":"Diagnosis of mitochondrial defects: Livestock diseases","volume":"5","author":"Kiss","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa155","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa155","article-title":"Review of canine dilated cardiomyopathy in the wake of diet-associated concerns","volume":"98","author":"McCauley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-012-1158-2","article-title":"A splice site mutation in a gene encoding for PDK4, a mitochondrial protein, is associated with the development of dilated cardiomyopathy in the Doberman pinscher","volume":"131","author":"Meurs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12163","article-title":"Association of dilated cardiomyopathy with the striatin mutation genotype in boxer dogs","volume":"27","author":"Meurs","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.11.1374","article-title":"Plasma amino acid and whole blood taurine concentrations in cats eating commercially prepared diets","volume":"70","author":"Heinze","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.4.758","article-title":"Taurine concentrations in plasma and whole blood in humans: Estimation of error from intra- and interindividual variation and sampling technique","volume":"52","author":"Trautwein","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/61.5.1115","article-title":"Plasma and platelet taurine are reduced in subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: Effects of taurine supplementation","volume":"61","author":"Franconi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164110375971","article-title":"Two weeks taurine supplementation reverses endothelial dysfunction in young male type 1 diabetics","volume":"7","author":"Moloney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Vasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12051","article-title":"Food-Originating ACE Inhibitors, Including Antihypertensive Peptides, as Preventive Food Components in Blood Pressure Reduction","volume":"13","author":"Iwaniak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, H., Huang, H., Shao, Y., Hao, S., Li, L., Wei, Y., Chen, S., and Zhao, Y. (2024). Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from eel (Anguilla japonica) bone collagen: Preparation, identification, molecular docking, and protective function on HUVECs. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1462656"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00013.2007","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cells: Protean, multifunctional, and enigmatic cells of the liver","volume":"88","author":"Friedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101562","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2101562","article-title":"Glycine Increases Insulin Sensitivity and Glutathione Biosynthesis and Protects against Oxidative Stress in a Model of Sucrose-Induced Insulin Resistance","volume":"2018","author":"Franco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.6.1302","article-title":"The metabolic response to ingested glycine","volume":"76","author":"Gannon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e372","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.372","article-title":"Glycine and N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) supplementation in older adults improves glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, genotoxicity, muscle strength, and cognition: Results of a pilot clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-019-1110-6","article-title":"Collagens and Cancer associated fibroblasts in the reactive stroma and its relation to Cancer biology","volume":"38","author":"Nissen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.108330","article-title":"Collagen remodeling-mediated signaling pathways and their impact on tumor therapy","volume":"301","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Case, A., Brisson, B.K., Durham, A.C., Rosen, S., Monslow, J., Buza, E., Salah, P., Gillem, J., Ruthel, G., and Veluvolu, S. (2017). Identification of prognostic collagen signatures and potential therapeutic stromal targets in canine mammary gland carcinoma. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180448"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3653","DOI":"10.3390\/md13063653","article-title":"Effect of Marine Collagen Peptides on Physiological and Neurobehavioral Development of Male Rats with Perinatal Asphyxia","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chae, M., Bae, I.-H., Lim, S.H., Jung, K., Roh, J., and Kim, W. (2021). AP Collagen Peptides Prevent Cortisol-Induced Decrease of Collagen Type I in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094788"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Q., Guo, Y., Li, J., He, S., Chen, Y., and Jin, H. (2023). Antidiabetic Effect of Collagen Peptides from Harpadon nehereus Bones in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mice by Regulating Oxidative Stress and Glucose Metabolism. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21100518"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, H., Guo, X., Zhang, Y., Khan, A., Pang, Y., Song, H., Zhao, H., Liu, Z., Qiao, H., and Xie, J. (2024). The Combined Anti-Aging Effect of Hydrolyzed Collagen Oligopeptides and Exosomes Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Human Skin Fibroblasts. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29071468"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schilling-T\u00f3th, B., Alymbaeva, D., N\u00e9meth, K., Kiss, D.S., T\u00f3th, I., And\u00f3cs, G., Silvia, O., Tagscherer-Micska, B., J\u00f3cs\u00e1k, G., and Bartha, T. (2026). Choosing the Right Extracellular Vesicle: Cross-Kingdom Immunological Functions Linking Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Applications. Biomolecules, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16060919"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schadow, S., Simons, V.S., Lochnit, G., Kordelle, J., Gazova, Z., Siebert, H.-C., and Steinmeyer, J. (2017). Metabolic response of human osteoarthritic cartilage to biochemically characterized collagen hydrolysates. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010207"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/8\/747\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T12:19:24Z","timestamp":1785241164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/8\/747"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci13080747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci13080747","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]}}}