{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T11:06:02Z","timestamp":1785323162044,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at Qassim University","award":["QU-APC-2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QU-APC-2026"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet. Sci.","Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brucellosis remains among the most widespread global zoonoses, yet its genetic architecture\u2014spanning host susceptibility and pathogen virulence\u2014is increasingly being investigated. Advances in whole-genome sequencing, transposon mutagenesis, CRISPR screening, and machine learning-driven transcriptomics have accelerated marker discovery on both sides of the host\u2013pathogen interface, although most signatures remain at discovery or early-validation stages. In hosts, polymorphisms in innate immune receptors (TLR2, TLR5, VDR), cytokine regulators (TNF, CTLA4), and novel candidates such as ASAP1 are linked to differential susceptibility in humans and livestock. In Brucella, functional genomics shows that virulence relies on interconnected regulatory circuits that control the type IV secretion system, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, and stress responses, with gene essentiality shifting according to the host immune context. Antimicrobial resistance may involve unconventional mechanisms, including metabolic and regulatory adaptation, that are not fully explained by classical resistance-gene paradigms and may implicate metabolic reprogramming and ribosomal modulation. This review synthesizes these converging lines of evidence, highlights key gaps\u2014chiefly the scarcity of functional validation for host associations and limited multi-omics integration\u2014and proposes a roadmap for translating genetic markers toward future diagnostic refinement and therapeutic target discovery, urging a shift from descriptive cataloging toward mechanistic and clinical validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13080751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T10:13:47Z","timestamp":1785320027000},"page":"751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Host and Pathogen Genetic Determinants of Brucellosis in Veterinary\u2013One Health Interface: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0268-1167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Qadeer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Shandong Xiehe University, Jinan 250109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3796-9590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Tharwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6622, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6632-0646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim F.","family":"Halawani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6930-5214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuad M.","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6688-0106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid J.","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7267-4301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahad A.","family":"Alshanbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6622, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5890-2996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Zahoor","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-025-10725-9","article-title":"Study of epidemiological and molecular characteristics of Brucella strains circulating in Kazakhstan","volume":"49","author":"Daugaliyeva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Res. 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