{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:58:52Z","timestamp":1785560332145,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Grant from Pukyong National University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0433kqc49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"\u201cGlobal Partnership Exchange and Capacity Building for Overseas Fisheries\u201d program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003566","name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003566","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00c5s4a53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet. Sci.","Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fishmeal reduction is central to sustainable aquafeed development, but low-fishmeal diets may not reproduce all the nutritional and functional properties of fishmeal after lysine and methionine correction. This PRISMA 2020-based systematic review synthesized peer-reviewed feeding trials evaluating nutritional-balancing strategies beyond these two amino acids in low-fishmeal, fishmeal-free, or high-alternative-protein diets. Alternative protein ingredients were treated as dietary matrices rather than interventions, and studies evaluating ingredient replacement alone were excluded. Twenty-three studies were included. Study-level effect sizes were estimable for 21 studies, providing 24 representative performance-related comparisons. Eight comparisons had 95% confidence intervals excluding zero in favor of the intervention, whereas 16 crossed the null; estimates were not pooled because of substantial heterogeneity in species, diet formulation, intervention, dose, and outcome definition. The evidence covered essential and functional amino acids, taurine and related nitrogenous compounds, palatability enhancers, enzymes, phosphorus and mineral balance, antioxidant support, lipid-associated nutrients, and gut-targeted strategies. Phytase provides the clearest mechanism through which phosphorus utilization can be improved in phytate-rich or phosphorus-limited diets. Taurine responses were generally favorable but imprecise in the four marine finfish species. Protein hydrolysates, fermented ingredients, yeast products, probiotics, hydroxyproline, and other additives produce context-dependent benefits for performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal conditions, immunity, stress resistance, or product quality. Across strategies, efficacy depended mainly on matching the intervention to the nutritional or functional limitation created by the complete diet. Nutritional equivalence should therefore be evaluated via integrated production, mechanism-specific, health, product-quality, environmental, and economic outcomes rather than the fishmeal-replacement percentage alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13080762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:15:00Z","timestamp":1785428100000},"page":"762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nutritional Balancing Strategies in Low-Fishmeal Aquafeeds: A PRISMA 2020-Based Systematic Review Beyond Lysine and Methionine Supplementation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1328-1414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Hashibur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Aquaculture and Applied Life Sciences, Division of Fisheries Life Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program of Marine and Fisheries Sciences and Convergent Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2585-9930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyuncheol","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Aquaculture and Applied Life Sciences, Division of Fisheries Life Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3201-0938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haham","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Aquaculture and Applied Life Sciences, Division of Fisheries Life Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0914-9613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seunghyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Aquaculture and Applied Life Sciences, Division of Fisheries Life Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Feeds and Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2024). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024: Blue Transformation in Action, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2008.08.015","article-title":"Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and future prospects","volume":"285","author":"Tacon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"National Research Council (2011). Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2009.02349.x","article-title":"Utilization of plant proteins in fish diets: Effects of global demand and supplies of fishmeal","volume":"41","author":"Hardy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2007.01704.x","article-title":"Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds: A review","volume":"38","author":"Gatlin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2019.10.018","article-title":"The future of aquatic protein: Implications for protein sources in aquaculture diets","volume":"1","author":"Hua","year":"2019","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(01)00526-9","article-title":"Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish","volume":"199","author":"Francis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2011.01169.x","article-title":"Phytate and phytase in fish nutrition","volume":"96","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2009.02174.x","article-title":"Protein and amino acid nutrition and metabolism in fish: Current knowledge and future needs","volume":"41","author":"Kaushik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2741\/e757","article-title":"Functional amino acids in fish nutrition, health and welfare","volume":"8","author":"Andersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. Elite Ed."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20061845","article-title":"Dietary branched-chain amino acid valine, isoleucine and leucine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)","volume":"96","author":"Ahmed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-008-0171-1","article-title":"New developments in fish amino acid nutrition: Towards functional and environmentally oriented aquafeeds","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-5-34","article-title":"Dietary requirements of synthesizable amino acids by animals: A paradigm shift in protein nutrition","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hole\u010dek, M. (2020). Histidine in health and disease: Metabolism, physiological importance, and use as a supplement. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030848"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Q., Tan, P., Ma, N., and Ma, X. (2021). Physiological functions of threonine in animals: Beyond nutrition metabolism. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082592"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1192","article-title":"Specific roles of threonine in intestinal mucosal integrity and barrier function","volume":"3","author":"Mao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. Elite Ed."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2012.03252.x","article-title":"Effects of dietary arginine supplementation on growth, protein optimization and innate immune response of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus","volume":"45","author":"Pohlenz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12223","article-title":"Physiological roles of tryptophan in teleosts: Current knowledge and perspectives for future studies","volume":"11","author":"Hoseini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.12.006","article-title":"Taurine: A critical nutrient for future fish feeds","volume":"437","author":"Salze","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-020-02833-4","article-title":"Composition of amino acids and related nitrogenous nutrients in feedstuffs for animal diets","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-5131.2008.01001.x","article-title":"Fish oil replacement in finfish nutrition","volume":"1","author":"Turchini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.01.010","article-title":"Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective","volume":"449","author":"Tocher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2016.01.001","article-title":"Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in chordates: Insights into the evolution of Fads and Elovl gene repertoire","volume":"62","author":"Castro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arag\u00e3o, C., Gon\u00e7alves, A.T., Costas, B., Azeredo, R., Xavier, M.J., and Engrola, S. (2022). Alternative proteins for fish diets: Implications beyond growth. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12091211"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2009.02426.x","article-title":"Important antinutrients in plant feedstuffs for aquaculture: An update on recent findings regarding responses in salmonids","volume":"41","author":"Krogdahl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3887","DOI":"10.1021\/jf506242t","article-title":"Soya saponins induce enteritis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)","volume":"63","author":"Krogdahl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-5131.2009.01006.x","article-title":"Exploring the nutritional demand for essential fatty acids by aquaculture species","volume":"1","author":"Glencross","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.13138","article-title":"A feed is still only as good as its ingredients: An update on the nutritional research strategies for the optimal evaluation of ingredients for aquaculture feeds","volume":"26","author":"Glencross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12138","article-title":"Use of phytases in fish and shrimp feeds: A review","volume":"9","author":"Lemos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"70","article-title":"Current understanding on the roles of gut microbiota in fish disease and immunity","volume":"40","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zool. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01542-z","article-title":"PRISMA-S: An extension to the PRISMA statement for reporting literature searches in systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Rethlefsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s41240-019-0138-z","article-title":"Effects of taurine supplementation in low fish meal diets for red seabream (Pagrus major) in low water temperature season","volume":"22","author":"Gunathilaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"319","article-title":"Effects of the dietary microbial phytase supplementation on bioavailability of phosphorus in juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed soybean meal-based diets","volume":"17","author":"Yoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"367","article-title":"Supplemental effects of histidine to fishmeal-based and low-fishmeal diets on the growth performance and tissue free amino acid levels of fingerling yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata","volume":"67","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquac. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.07.033","article-title":"Dietary tryptophan supplementation induces a transient immune enhancement of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles fed fishmeal-free diets","volume":"93","author":"Reis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-023-01295-1","article-title":"Effect of a microbial phytase on the growth performance, digestibility and retention in a high plant meal inclusion diet for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)","volume":"32","author":"Terrey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41240-020-0148-x","article-title":"Effects of three different dietary plant protein sources as fishmeal replacers in juvenile whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei","volume":"23","author":"Bae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamidoghli, A., Lee, Y., Hwang, S., Choi, W., Choi, Y.-H., and Bai, S.C. (2023). Evaluation of yeast hydrolysate in a low-fishmeal diet for whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13111877"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos-Pinto, L., Machado, M., Calduch-Giner, J.A., P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez, J., Dias, J., Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, L.E.C., Silva, T.S., and Costas, B. (2021). Dietary histidine, threonine, or taurine supplementation affects gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) immune status. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01544"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.47853\/FAS.2021.e11","article-title":"Evaluation of shrimp protein hydrolysate and krill meal supplementation in low fish meal diet for red seabream (Pagrus major)","volume":"24","author":"Gunathilaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.07.056","article-title":"Effects of dietary multi-strain probiotics supplementation in a low fishmeal diet on growth performance, nutrient utilization, proximate composition, immune parameters, and gut microbiota of juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)","volume":"93","author":"Niu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s41240-017-0065-9","article-title":"Taurine supplementation in diet for olive flounder at low water temperature","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69014-x","article-title":"High taurine supplementation in plant protein-based diets improves growth and organoleptic characteristics of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)","volume":"10","author":"Kotzamanis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"59","article-title":"Taurine supplemented plant protein-based diets with alternative lipid sources for juvenile gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata","volume":"4","author":"Watson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Fish. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Li, X., Wang, J., and Zhang, W. (2023). Response of turbot Scophthalmus maximus to imbalanced dietary branched-chain amino acids. Fishes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes8110534"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"101961","article-title":"Effects of hydroxyproline supplementation in low fish meal diets on collagen synthesis, myofiber development and muscular texture of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)","volume":"35","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, S., Zhao, X., Wang, W., Li, Y., and Xie, S. (2022). Dietary supplementation with hydroxyproline enhances fish growth performance, collagen production, muscle textural characteristics and muscle growth of triploid crucian carp. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.913800"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12828","article-title":"Dietary phytase and protease improved growth and nutrient utilization in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus \u00d7 Oreochromis aureus) fed low phosphorus and fishmeal-free diets","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2004.07.003","article-title":"Dietary phytase supplementation and the utilization of phosphorus by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed a canola-meal-based diet","volume":"240","author":"Sajjadi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-010-9358-z","article-title":"Low fishmeal diets for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., using soy protein concentrate treated with graded levels of phytase","volume":"19","author":"Carter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/jwas.12436","article-title":"Supplementation of protein hydrolysates to a low-fishmeal diet improves growth and health status of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus","volume":"49","author":"Khosravi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60325-7","article-title":"Replacing fishmeal with plant protein in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) diets by supplementation with fish protein hydrolysate","volume":"10","author":"Egerton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Liu, Y., Jiang, J., Wu, P., Jiang, W., Li, S., and Zhou, X. (2023). Effects of tributyrin and alanyl-glutamine dipeptide on intestinal health of largemouth bass fed high soybean meal diets. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1140678"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736494","article-title":"A nutritional strategy to promote gilthead seabream performance under low temperatures","volume":"537","author":"Colen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hissen, K.L., He, W., Wu, G., and Criscitiello, M.F. (2023). Immunonutrition: Facilitating mucosal immune response in teleost intestine through amino acid supplementation. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1241615"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-2979.2003.00121.x","article-title":"Taste preferences in fishes","volume":"4","author":"Kasumyan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fish Fish."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/23308249.2016.1249279","article-title":"The physiology of taste in fish: Potential implications for feeding stimulation and gut chemical sensing","volume":"25","author":"Morais","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2007.01.007","article-title":"Application of microbial phytase in fish feed","volume":"40","author":"Cao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Enzym. Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arag\u00e3o, C., Lopes-Marques, M., Catarino, S., Afonso, J.M., Viegas, I., Ribeiro, L., and Engrola, S. (2023). Taurine supplementation to plant-based diets improves lipid metabolism in Senegalese sole. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13091501"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e9lez-Calabria, G., Tom\u00e1s-Vidal, A., Pe\u00f1aranda, D.S., Jover-Cerd\u00e1, M., and Mart\u00ednez-Llorens, S. (2023). Effect of additives inclusion in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) diets on growth, enzyme activity, digestibility and gut histology fed with vegetable meals. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13020205"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-017-2490-6","article-title":"Roles of dietary glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline in collagen synthesis and animal growth","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-020-02851-2","article-title":"Nutrition and metabolism of glutamate and glutamine in fish","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ucak, I., Afreen, M., Montesano, D., Carrillo, C., Tomasevic, I., Simal-Gandara, J., and Barba, F.J. (2021). Functional and bioactive properties of peptides derived from marine side streams. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19020071"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12481","article-title":"Enzymatic fish protein hydrolysates in finfish aquaculture: A review","volume":"13","author":"Siddik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.47853\/FAS.2022.e33","article-title":"Bioactive peptides-derived from marine by-products: Development, health benefits and potential application in biomedicine","volume":"25","author":"Pratama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2010.02.017","article-title":"Probiotics and immunity: A fish perspective","volume":"29","author":"Nayak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00343.x","article-title":"A review on the interactions between gut microbiota and innate immunity of fish","volume":"52","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoseinifar, S.H., Sun, Y.Z., Wang, A., and Zhou, Z. (2018). Probiotics as means of disease control in aquaculture, a review of current knowledge and future perspectives. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02429"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2020.107387","article-title":"Understanding the role of the shrimp gut microbiome in health and disease","volume":"186","author":"Holt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machuca, C., M\u00e9ndez-Mart\u00ednez, Y., Reyes-Becerril, M., and Angulo, C. (2022). Yeast \u03b2-glucans as fish immunomodulators: A review. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12162154"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12507","article-title":"Yeast as major protein-rich ingredient in aquafeeds: A review of the implications for aquaculture production","volume":"13","author":"Agboola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2016.09.050","article-title":"Supplementing taurine to plant-based diets improves lipid digestive capacity and amino acid retention of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles","volume":"468","author":"Richard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-60367-1","article-title":"Essentiality of dietary cholesterol and its interactions with phospholipid in juvenile slipper lobster (Thenus australiensis)","volume":"14","author":"Landman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/8\/762\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:26:30Z","timestamp":1785558390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/8\/762"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci13080762"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci13080762","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]}}}