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Sci.","Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major One Health challenge driven by antimicrobial misuse in human medicine, veterinary practice, animal production, and polluted environments. Migratory birds move among wetlands, farms, wastewater-affected habitats, landfills, and coastal ecosystems and may acquire and redistribute antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) across ecological and political boundaries. This perspective synthesizes evidence on exposure sources, bacterial reservoirs, resistance determinants, cross-species interfaces, and surveillance priorities while explicitly distinguishing four claims: detection or carriage, persistence in individual birds, redistribution along migratory routes, and onward transmission to recipient hosts or environments. Published studies report multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp., Enterococcus spp., and Campylobacter spp., with determinants including blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaNDM, mcr, tet, sul, and qnr genes. The eight evidence groups summarized here constitute an illustrative, non-comprehensive selection; they are predominantly observational surveys or screenings, and none reconstructs a complete source\u2013bird\u2013destination\u2013recipient transmission chain. Taxon-specific ecology modifies exposure: gulls and storks frequently exploit refuse and wastewater, waterfowl and shorebirds connect aquatic habitats, whereas passerines often reflect more local point-source contamination. Current evidence therefore supports migratory birds primarily as mobile sentinels and opportunistic carriers of anthropogenic AMR, while acknowledging possible natural or ancestral resistance in avian-associated microbiota. Future surveillance should combine longitudinal sampling, baseline cohorts such as pre-migratory nestlings, paired bird\u2013water\u2013soil\u2013sediment sampling, whole-genome sequencing, plasmid profiling, telemetry, environmental DNA, wastewater-based epidemiology, and interoperable veterinary reporting. Practical mitigation requires antimicrobial stewardship, wastewater and landfill control, farm biosecurity, and coordinated veterinary, environmental, and public-health action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13080782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:42:36Z","timestamp":1785850956000},"page":"782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Role of Migratory Birds in the Dissemination of Antimicrobial Resistance: A One Health Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1629-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0254-8463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Adil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bilal","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ilyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakhshanda","family":"Rani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uzair","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Hongsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhang","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun","family":"Zhihua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: A review of global challenges and collaborative solutions","volume":"2","author":"Gulzar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. 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