{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T10:44:48Z","timestamp":1785926688799,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["ORF-2026-1500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2026-1500"]}]},{"award":["ORF-2026-1500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2026-1500"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02f81g417","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet. Sci.","Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: The global transition away from antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) requires effective, sustainable alternatives to maintain broiler performance and intestinal homeostasis. This study evaluated the effects of dietary wild thyme powder, administered alone or combined with a prebiotic or probiotic, as potential AGP alternatives on growth performance, serum oxidative status, immune response, cecal microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, ileal histomorphometry, and intestinal barrier integrity in broilers. (2) Methods: Five hundred forty-six male Ross 308 chicks were assigned to seven treatments (n = 13 replicates\/group) for 28 d: T1 (basal diet); T2 (0.5 g\/kg antibiotic Neoxyval); T3 (1.0 g\/kg thyme); T4 (0.75 g\/kg prebiotic); T5 (0.50 g\/kg probiotic); T6 (prebiotic + thyme); and T7 (probiotic + thyme). Growth performance was measured, and one bird from each replicate was randomly sampled at 28 d for multi-endpoint biological analyses. (3) Results: Birds that received T3 to T7 had increased final body weight and weight gain. Cumulative feed conversion ratio was improved in the T3, T5, and T7 groups, with T7 displaying numerical superiority over individual additive groups without reaching statistical synergy. All-natural supplements (T3, T5, T6, T7) lowered serum malondialdehyde and enhanced interferon-\u03b3. Birds receiving T6 showed increased tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, whereas birds receiving T3 and T4 showed reduced levels. Probiotic-inclusive diets (T5 and T7) significantly increased cecal propionic acid, total SCFAs, and ileal villus surface area. Natural additive treatments broadly promoted cecal eubiosis by increasing Lactobacillus spp. while decreasing Clostridium spp. Crucially, combining thyme with prebiotics (T6) or probiotics (T7) synergistically upregulated ileal tissue occludin concentrations. (4) In conclusion, under the conditions of this trial, dietary supplementation with wild thyme powder, a MOS\/\u03b2-glucan prebiotic, and a Bacillus licheniformis probiotic, particularly the thyme + probiotic combination, was an effective regimen for supporting growth performance, cecal eubiosis, and ileal barrier integrity in healthy broilers. However, these findings are limited to a single dose level (1.0 g\/kg thyme), a single plant source, and non-challenged conditions; further research incorporating dose\u2013response evaluations, disease-challenge models, and diverse phytogenic origins is necessary to confirm broader field applicability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13080785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T09:16:22Z","timestamp":1785921382000},"page":"785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Dietary Wild Thyme Alone or Combined with Probiotic or Prebiotic Supplementation on Growth Performance, Immune Response, Oxidative Status, and Intestinal Health in Broiler Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4340-0066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad A.","family":"Aboragah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9719-9444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman S.","family":"Alharthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3994-9216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hani H.","family":"Al-Baadani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104295","article-title":"Sustainable poultry farming practices: A critical review of current strategies and future prospects","volume":"103","author":"Bist","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01319-7","article-title":"Systematic profiling of the chicken gut microbiome reveals dietary supplementation with antibiotics alters expression of multiple microbial pathways with minimal impact on community structure","volume":"10","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26025","DOI":"10.15421\/0226025","article-title":"Poultry at the crossroads of antimicrobial resistance: Global challenges and sustainable solutions","volume":"17","author":"Moskalov","year":"2026","journal-title":"Regul. Mech. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2026.224-263","article-title":"Alginate oligosaccharides derived from tropical brown seaweeds as sustainable alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in poultry nutrition: Functional mechanisms and production perspectives","volume":"19","author":"Reski","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e25219","article-title":"Evaluation of the potential of extract of seaweed Eucheuma denticulatum as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter in broiler chickens","volume":"10","author":"Paul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibeagha-Awemu, E.M., Omonijo, F.A., Pich\u00e9, L.C., and Vincent, A.T. (2025). Alternatives to antibiotics for sustainable livestock production in the context of the One Health approach: Tackling a common foe. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1605215"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2024.2441349","article-title":"Effect of activated and inactivated Saccharomyces cerevisiae as alternative to antibiotic growth promoter on the performance and health of broilers infected with Clostridium perfringens","volume":"24","author":"Alharthi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alharthi, A.S., Alruwaili, N.W., Al-Baadani, H.H., Al-Garadi, M.A., Shamlan, G., and Alhidary, I.A. (2023). Investigating the effect of Pulicaria jaubertii as a natural feed additive on the growth performance, blood biochemistry, immunological response, and cecal microbiota of broiler chickens. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13061116"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.663","article-title":"Thymol and carvacrol supplementation in poultry health and performance","volume":"8","author":"Azizi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15816","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9251-7","article-title":"Impact of thyme powder (Thymus vulgaris L.) supplementation on gene expression profiles of cytokines and economic efficiency of broiler diets","volume":"24","author":"Hassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.107112","article-title":"Dietary biotic supplementation modulates growth performance, anticoccidial efficacy, oxidative status, and intestinal histomorphology in Eimeria tenella\u2013challenged broilers","volume":"105","author":"Qaid","year":"2026","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayalew, H., Zhang, H., Wang, J., Wu, S., Qiu, K., Qi, G., Tekeste, A., Wassie, T., and Chanie, D. (2022). Potential feed additives as antibiotic alternatives in broiler production. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.916473"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogbuewu, I.P., Mabelebele, M., Sebola, N.A., and Mbajiorgu, C.N. (2022). Bacillus probiotics as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics and its influence on growth, serum chemistry, antioxidant status, intestinal histomorphology, and lesion scores in disease-challenged broiler chickens. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.876725"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.5194\/aab-68-311-2025","article-title":"Enhancing meat-type chicken performance through Thymus vulgaris leaf powder supplementation by affecting serum lipid profile, stress physiology, immunity, antioxidants, cecal microbiology, and jejunal histomorphology","volume":"68","author":"Banday","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Breed."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saied, A.M., Attia, A.I., Reda, F.M., El-Kholy, M.S., Al-Badwi, M.A., Azzam, M., Di Cerbo, A., Alagawany, M., El-Tarabily, K.A., and EL Nagar, A.G. (2025). Harnessing natural feed additives for sustainable production and economics: The role of Thymus vulgaris L. oil as an antimicrobial agent and a growth promoter in improving production and health of broiler chickens. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1695478"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fadl, S.E., El-Gammal, G.A., Sakr, O.A., Salah, A.A., Atia, A.A., Prince, A.M., and Hegazy, A.M. (2020). Impact of dietary Mannan-oligosaccharide and \u03b2-Glucan supplementation on growth, histopathology, E-coli colonization and hepatic transcripts of TNF-\u03b1 and NF-\u03f0B of broiler challenged with E. coli O78. BMC Vet. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02423-2"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101483","article-title":"Effects of combination of mannan-oligosaccharides and \u03b2-glucan on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and immune gene expression in broiler chickens","volume":"100","author":"Teng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104222","article-title":"Bacillus licheniformis suppresses Clostridium perfringens infection via modulating inflammatory response, antioxidant status, inflammasome activation and microbial homeostasis in broilers","volume":"103","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102670","article-title":"Differential effects of Bacillus subtilis\u2013and Bacillus licheniformis\u2013fermented products on growth performance, intestinal morphology, intestinal antioxidant and barrier function gene expression, cecal microbiota community, and microbial carbohydrate-active enzyme composition in broilers","volume":"102","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.22194\/JGIAS\/25.1553","article-title":"The Effects of Prebiotic, Probiotic and Synbiotic Supplementation on The Performance, Small Intestinal Morphometry, and Carcass Traits of Broiler Chicken","volume":"13","author":"Awaluddin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Glob. Innov. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70751","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70751","article-title":"Synergistic Effects of Garlic Extract and Mannan-Oligosaccharide Prebiotic Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Quality, Immunity, Gut Morphology and Microbiome in Broiler Chickens","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104554","article-title":"The effect of Thymus vulgaris extract and probiotic on growth performance, blood parameters, intestinal morphology, and litter quality of broiler chickens fed low-protein diets","volume":"104","author":"Golshahi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"270","article-title":"Effect of thyme and\/or formic acid dietary supplementation on broiler performance and immunity","volume":"10","author":"Ragaa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. Agric. Sci. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-015-2144-1","article-title":"Characterization of aroma-active and phenolic profiles of wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum) by GC-MS-Olfactometry and LC-ESI-MS\/MS","volume":"53","author":"Sonmezdag","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1829","article-title":"Advanced method of secondary metabolite extraction and quality analysis","volume":"8","author":"Roopashree","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.04.003","article-title":"Organic acid blends improve intestinal integrity, modulate short-chain fatty acids profiles and alter microbiota of broilers under necrotic enteritis challenge","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2019.11.051","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids and ceca microbiota profiles in broilers and turkeys in response to diets supplemented with phytase at varying concentrations, with or without xylanase","volume":"99","author":"Olukosi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105899","article-title":"Effects of fructooligosaccharide administration routes on growth performance, gut integrity, microbiota, and meat quality in broiler chickens exposed to reused litter","volume":"104","author":"Ruangpanit","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"SAS Institute (2013). SAS Users Guide: Statistics, SAS institute Inc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7765","DOI":"10.12681\/jhvms.35439","article-title":"The effects of early feeding with different pre-starter diets on growth performance, morphological development and microorganism content of the small intestine of broiler chicks","volume":"75","author":"Celik","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hell. Vet. Med. Soci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.20956\/hajas.v7i1.42991","article-title":"Prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic effect on performance and small intestinal morphology of broiler chicken","volume":"7","author":"Assaf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hasanuddin J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, A.H., Youssef, I.M., Abdel-Atty, N.S., and Abdel-Daim, A.S. (2024). Effect of thyme, ginger, and their nano-particles on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and intestinal bacteriology of broiler chickens. BMC Vet. Res., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04101-z"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stingelin, G.M., Scherer, R.S., Machado, A.C., Piva, A., Grilli, E., and Penha Filho, R.C. (2023). The use of thymol, carvacrol and sorbic acid in microencapsules to control Salmonella Heidelberg, S. Minnesota and S. Typhimurium in broilers. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1046395"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02685","article-title":"Effect of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, fatty acid composition, digestive enzyme activities, and immune response in broiler chickens","volume":"92","author":"Hashemipour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106989","article-title":"Bacillus-based probiotics and fermented products as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in poultry: Current perspectives","volume":"105","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Y., Xu, X., Wang, J., Cai, H., Li, D., Zhang, H., Yang, P., and Meng, K. (2023). Dietary Bacillus licheniformis shapes the foregut microbiota, improving nutrient digestibility and intestinal health in broiler chickens. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1113072"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-018-0310-9","article-title":"Strategies to modulate the intestinal microbiota and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, and health of poultry","volume":"10","author":"Yadav","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emami, N.K., Calik, A., White, M.B., Kimminau, E.A., and Dalloul, R.A. (2020). Effect of probiotics and multi-component feed additives on microbiota, gut barrier and immune responses in broiler chickens during subclinical necrotic enteritis. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.572142"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9893","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4563","article-title":"Phytochemical profiling and therapeutic potential of thyme (Thymus spp.): A medicinal herb","volume":"12","author":"Waheed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20210778","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived butyrate regulates gut mucus barrier repair by activating the macrophage\/WNT\/ERK signaling pathway","volume":"136","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2012.12110","article-title":"The Bacillus subtilis and lactic acid bacteria probiotics influences intestinal mucin gene expression, histomorphology and growth performance in broilers","volume":"25","author":"Aliakbarpour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1590\/s1806-92902016001200003","article-title":"Assessment of a natural, non-antibiotic blend on performance, blood bio-chemistry, intestinal microflora, and morphology of broilers challenged with Escherichia coli","volume":"45","author":"Manafi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shehata, A.A., Yal\u00e7\u0131n, S., Latorre, J.D., Basiouni, S., Attia, Y.A., El-Wahab, A.A., Visscher, C., El-Seedi, H.R., Huber, C., and Hafez, H.M. (2022). Probiotics, prebiotics, and phytogenic substances for optimizing gut health in poultry. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020395"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160efcov\u00e1, M.A., Larrea-\u00c1lvarez, M., Larrea-\u00c1lvarez, C.M., Karaffov\u00e1, V., Ortega-Paredes, D., Vinueza-Burgos, C., \u0160ev\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1, Z., Levkut, M., Herich, R., and Revajov\u00e1, V. (2021). The probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum Biocenol CCM 7514 moderates Campylobacter jejuni-induced body weight im-pairment by improving gut morphometry and regulating cecal cytokine abundance in broiler chickens. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010235"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Li, Q., Zeng, X., Xu, Y., Jin, K., Liu, J., and Cao, G. (2022). Effects of probiotics on the growth performance, antioxidant functions, immune responses, and caecal microbiota of broilers challenged by lipopolysaccharide. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.846649"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"223","article-title":"Effects of short-term and combined use of thyme powder and aqueous extract on growth performance, carcass and organ characteristics, blood constituents, enzymes, immunity, intestinal morphology and fatty acid profile of breast meat in broilers","volume":"27","author":"Belali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Large Anim. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd El-Ghany, W.A. (2025). Yeasts and their derivatives as functional feed additives in poultry nutrition. Agriculture, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture15091003"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, X., Li, Q., Yang, C., Yu, Y., Fu, Z., Wang, H., Fan, X., Yue, M., and Xu, Y. (2021). Effects of Clostridium butyricum-and Bacillus spp.-based potential probiotics on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, immune responses, and caecal microbiota in broilers. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10060624"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731116001397","article-title":"A carvacrol\u2013thymol blend decreased intestinal oxidative stress and influenced selected microbes without changing the messenger RNA levels of tight junction proteins in jejunal mucosa of weaning pig-lets","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Li, J., Liu, Y., Li, C., Zhang, R., and Bao, J. (2020). Effects of intermittent mild cold stimulation on mRNA expression of immuno-globulins, cytokines, and toll-like receptors in the small intestine of broilers. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091492"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pyle, C.J., Uwadiae, F.I., Swieboda, D.P., and Harker, J.A. (2017). Early IL-6 signalling promotes IL-27 dependent maturation of regula-tory T cells in the lungs and resolution of viral immunopathology. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006640"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.63369\/ijat.2025.21.2.741-752","article-title":"Thy-mol-carvacrol supplementation in broilers: Impact on performance, blood biomarkers, and gut health","volume":"21","author":"Tiyaprasertkul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, T.M., Sun, W., Bumbie, G.Z., Elokil, A.A., Mohammed, K.A.F., Zebin, R., Hu, P., Wu, L., and Tang, Z. (2022). Feeding Bacillus subtilis ATCC19659 to broiler chickens enhances growth performance and immune function by modulating intestinal morphology and cecum microbiota. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.798350"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Xu, H., Zhang, T., Kang, J., Xu, Z., Wu, P., Niu, Y., Shi, Y., Zhong, Y., and Yang, C. (2025). Dietary Supplementation with Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis Modulates Immunity, Serum Metabolome, and Intestinal Homeostasis in Cats. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15202971"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.32718\/ujvas3-1.01","article-title":"Evaluation the effect of using thyme and oregano powder in comparison to the antibiotic and probiotic supplementation on growth, some immune responses and intestinal morphology of broiler chicks","volume":"3","author":"Parvizi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ukr. J. Vet. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20230083","DOI":"10.37496\/rbz5320230083","article-title":"Effect of the use of prebi-otics, alone and in combination with antibiotics, in broiler diets","volume":"53","author":"Martins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Zootec."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/8\/785\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T09:58:35Z","timestamp":1785923915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/8\/785"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci13080785"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci13080785","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]}}}