{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:37:38Z","timestamp":1786628258104,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005270","name":"Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024N0075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024N0075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2024N0075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024N0075"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rgzpv08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fujian Province University Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["S202411312028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202411312028"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010042","name":"Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024R1066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024R1066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet. Sci.","Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gyrovirus homsa1 (GyH1) causes immunosuppression and multi-organ damage in young poultry. The VP1 capsid protein (VP1) is a key target for subunit vaccine development; however, recombinant VP1 alone elicits limited immunogenicity and requires an efficient delivery system. Here, we developed a liposomal formulation associated with the GyH1 VP1 protein (LNP-VP1) and evaluated its immunogenicity and preliminary safety in specific-pathogen-free chickens. The prepared LNP-VP1 had a mean particle size of 230.11 \u00b1 5.95 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.204 \u00b1 0.023, a zeta potential of \u221236.55 \u00b1 0.99 mV, and an apparent encapsulation efficiency of 84.03% \u00b1 2.10%. In addition, immunization of chicks with LNP-VP1 induced robust antigen-specific IgG responses and significantly enhanced the infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the spleen. Furthermore, cytokine analysis revealed upregulation of IFN-\u03b3, IL-4, and IL-17 levels following vaccination. Importantly, no vaccine-associated histopathological changes were observed in major immune or metabolic organs after immunization. Overall, LNP-VP1 effectively elicited both humoral and cellular immune responses with a favorable safety profile, indicating its potential as a candidate vaccine against GyH1 and providing experimental evidence supporting lipid nanoparticles as a delivery platform for avian subunit vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13080801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T12:47:11Z","timestamp":1786625231000},"page":"801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhanced Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Elicited by a Liposomal Subunit Vaccine Based on Gyrovirus homsa1 VP1 Protein in Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mengshi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7997-3275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rongchang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Avian Diseases Control and Prevention, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1377-466X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuchu","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364000, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaozhen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyun","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364000, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364000, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364000, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zehua","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuchen","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4272-9014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xintian","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, T., Wang, Z., Li, R., Zhang, D., Song, Y., and Cheng, Z. 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