{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T04:26:53Z","timestamp":1786854413660,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022xjkk0404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022xjkk0404"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2022xjkk0404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022xjkk0404"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/027s68j25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet. Sci.","Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wle vanillin is widely used as a flavoring agent in food products, its potential as a non-antibiotic feed additive for broilers remains unexplored. This study primarily investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of vanillin on antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory response, immune function, and gut microbiota composition in broilers. One-day-old male broilers were randomly assigned to five groups: a basal diet group, a positive control group (basal diet + 100 mg\/kg chlortetracycline (CTC)), and three vanillin-supplemented groups (0.1%, 0.2%, or 0.4%) for 42 days. Results showed that vanillin improved antioxidant capacity, with elevated serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Broilers receiving vanillin supplementation showed lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1)) and higher interleukin-10 (IL-10) expression compared with controls. Additionally, serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels were also greater in the vanillin group. It also enhanced intestinal health by increasing the duodenal villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, improving intestinal morphology, raising the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio, and promoting Lactobacillus proliferation compared with CTC. Notably, growth performance data were exploratory in nature; vanillin was associated with numerical improvements in average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion (F\/G) ratio. These preliminary findings suggest that vanillin requires further investigation as a potential feed additive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13080802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T09:04:01Z","timestamp":1786698241000},"page":"802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vanillin Improves Antioxidant Capacity, Immunity, and Gut Microbiota in Broilers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Baichuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8457-9583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9889-2021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenlong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinquan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2008-856X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiumin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101684","article-title":"Hot red pepper powder as a safe alternative to antibiotics in organic poultry feed: An updated review","volume":"101","author":"Elbestawy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. 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