{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T17:31:20Z","timestamp":1786987880434,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet. Sci.","Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>National evidence on cattle vaccination, disease-control practices, and producer-reported disease remains limited in Ecuador. This study assessed holding-level participation in preventive cattle-health activities and factors associated with self-reported disease, focusing on Manab\u00ed. We analysed anonymised public-use microdata from the 2025 Continuous Agricultural Production and Area Survey (ESPAC); all four outcomes were based on producer reports and were not independently verified against veterinary or administrative records. The principal design-adjusted analysis included 10,588 positive-weight holdings across continental Ecuador. Survey-weighted proportions and multivariable logistic regression models incorporated expansion weights, strata, and primary sampling units. Estimated participation in the official foot-and-mouth disease vaccination campaign, other cattle vaccination, and disease-control activities was 86.38%, 55.96%, and 64.74%, respectively; 11.22% of holdings reported a principal cattle disease. Larger herd size was positively associated with all four outcomes (all p &lt; 0.001). Compared with the Coast, holdings in the Amazon and Highlands had lower adjusted odds of other vaccination and disease-control activities and higher odds of self-reported disease (all p \u2264 0.002). Manab\u00ed holdings had higher adjusted odds of all three preventive outcomes than holdings in the other Coast provinces (all p &lt; 0.001), but not of self-reported disease (p = 0.493). Preventive engagement was strongest for the centrally organised foot-and-mouth disease campaign. These findings identify territorial and farm-level inequalities relevant to veterinary-service delivery and surveillance, without establishing animal-level coverage, confirmed prevalence, or causal effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13080819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:35:08Z","timestamp":1786984508000},"page":"819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Territorial and Farm-Level Inequalities in Cattle Vaccination and Disease-Control Practices in Ecuador: Evidence from the 2025 National Agricultural Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nestor","family":"Acosta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rectorate, Faculty of Systems and Telecommunications, Universidad Estatal Pen\u00ednsula de Santa Elena, Santa Elena 240204, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9602-0692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Guarda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rectorate, Faculty of Systems and Telecommunications, Universidad Estatal Pen\u00ednsula de Santa Elena, Santa Elena 240204, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013","article-title":"The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease\u2013What are they, how big are they and where do they occur?","volume":"112","author":"Rushton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. 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Data and Code for \u201cTerritorial and Farm-Level Inequalities in Cattle Vaccination and Disease-Control Practices in Ecuador: Evidence from the 2025 National Agricultural Survey\u201d."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/8\/819\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:48:42Z","timestamp":1786985322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/8\/819"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci13080819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci13080819","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]}}}