{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T10:24:22Z","timestamp":1787048662867,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Xinjiang Talent Development Fund","award":["ZZYD2025010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZZYD2025010"]}]},{"award":["ZZYD2025010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZZYD2025010"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rkhv978","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Talent Fund of China Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital","award":["1051-2224003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1051-2224003"]}]},{"award":["1051-2224003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1051-2224003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04v3ywz14","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet. Sci.","Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The equine gastrointestinal microbiome plays an essential role in digestion, energy metabolism, immune regulation, and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Increasing evidence suggests that microbial-derived metabolites provide a functional link between diet, the microbiome, and host physiology. This narrative review summarizes current knowledge on how dietary factors, including structural carbohydrates, non-structural carbohydrates, protein, and lipids, influence microbial function and metabolite production in horses. Relevant publications available up to June 2026 were identified through searches of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar and were narratively synthesized according to dietary factors, microbial metabolites, associated diseases, and nutritional interventions. Emphasis is placed on major microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, endotoxins, bile acid derivatives, tryptophan metabolites, and nitrogenous fermentation products, and their potential roles in health and disease. Current evidence supports a central role for the nutrition\u2013microbiota\u2013metabolite axis in gastrointestinal disorders such as colic, colitis, equine gastric ulcer syndrome, and carbohydrate-associated laminitis, whereas its involvement in equine metabolic syndrome and the gut\u2013lung axis remains less well defined. The review also discusses microbiome-targeted nutritional interventions and emerging multi-omics approaches that are improving our understanding of microbial function. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of microbiome-informed nutritional strategies to support equine health, welfare, disease prevention, and athletic performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13080823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T09:06:41Z","timestamp":1787044001000},"page":"823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Diet to Disease: The Role of the Gut Microbiome and Microbial Metabolites in Horses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yuhong","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"National Postdoctoral Research Workstation, Zhaosu Xiyu Horse Industry Co., Ltd., Yili 835699, China"},{"name":"Beijing Zhongnongda Veterinary Hospital Co., Ltd., Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhui","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Postdoctoral Research Workstation, Zhaosu Xiyu Horse Industry Co., Ltd., Yili 835699, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyi","family":"Zan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Horse Industry Association, Beijing 100125, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1361-4525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"National Postdoctoral Research Workstation, Zhaosu Xiyu Horse Industry Co., Ltd., Yili 835699, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Dongfangmadu Equine Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Postdoctoral Research Workstation, Zhaosu Xiyu Horse Industry Co., Ltd., Yili 835699, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252312000035","article-title":"The Equine Intestinal Microbiome","volume":"13","author":"Costa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. 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