{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:35:05Z","timestamp":1787582105805,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Rural Revitalization Science and Technology Innovation Boosting Action Program","award":["2025TZXD023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025TZXD023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet. Sci.","Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study proposes a multi-source perceptual information fusion method to improve the accuracy and stability of dairy cow behavior monitoring. Existing machine vision approaches are often affected by lighting conditions, occlusion, and complex cowshed environments, while single wearable inertial measurement unit (IMU) devices may confuse similar behaviors such as eating, ruminating, standing, and lying. To address these limitations, a wireless collar was developed to synchronously collect nine-axis IMU data and ultra-wideband (UWB) ranging data in real time. Combined with manual behavioral observations, a dataset covering seven behaviors\u2014eating, ruminating, standing, lying, drinking, sleeping, and lateral trunk contact\u2014was constructed. By integrating neck-motion features extracted from the IMU data with spatial-distance features obtained from the UWB data, an IMU\u2013UWB dual-branch fusion model was developed to automatically classify dairy cow behaviors. The results indicate that the proposed method can effectively reduce confusion among similar behaviors and improve the recognition of behaviors with limited samples. This approach enables more comprehensive assessment of dairy cows\u2019 daily activities and health status, providing technical support for health monitoring, early disease warning, and intelligent dairy farm management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13090856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T13:20:43Z","timestamp":1787577643000},"page":"856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cow Behavior Recognition Method Based on Multi-Source Perceptual Information Fusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2477-5513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiuyan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongzheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaixing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junchi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Jining University, Qufu 273155, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3634-0712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianzhu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2024.109453","article-title":"A multimodal classification method: Cow behavior pattern classification with improved EdgeNeXt using an inertial measurement unit","volume":"226","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. 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