{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:24:22Z","timestamp":1788265462941,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":309,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet. Sci.","Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Necrotic enteritis (NE), caused by the Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens; CP), is one of the most economically important diseases affecting the poultry industry worldwide. The pathogenicity of C. perfringens is attributed to the production of more than twenty extracellular toxins and enzymes, with strains classified into seven toxinotypes (A\u2013G) based on their major toxin genes. While the alpha-toxin gene (cpa) is present across all C. perfringens toxinotypes, netB is recognized as the primary virulence determinant of avian NE. However, toxin-gene carriage alone does not establish toxin expression or disease causation. Cpb2 and tpeL have also been associated with virulence in some C. perfringens isolates, although their independent contributions to NE pathogenesis remain less firmly established. The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant C. perfringens strains, including multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pandrug-resistant (PDR) isolates, together with the organism\u2019s ability to form biofilms, has complicated disease prevention and treatment by enhancing environmental persistence and tolerance to antimicrobial agents. Distinct from reviews that primarily address NE pathogenesis or antibiotic alternatives as broad terms, this review integrates antimicrobial resistance with planktonic and biofilm-associated C. perfringens. Furthermore, it critically evaluates alternative interventions based on their activity against these bacterial states and the strength of supporting in vitro, in vivo, and field evidence. In conclusion, this review highlights the urgent need for sustainable, antibiotic-free strategies to combat NE. Advancing the development and field validation of these alternative approaches may contribute to reducing antimicrobial resistance, limiting biofilm-associated persistence, and improving poultry health and productivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13090882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:33:32Z","timestamp":1788262412000},"page":"882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Innovative Approaches Against Planktonic and Biofilm-Producing Clostridium perfringens Associated with Necrotic Enteritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8148-1137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail","family":"Amin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City 11829, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Abdelkhalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety, Hygiene and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City 11829, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2157-5009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioan","family":"Pet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioengineering of Animals Resources, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8033-8463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirela","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioengineering of Animals Resources, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8309-9058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norhan K.","family":"Abd El-Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fathima, S., Hakeem, W., Shanmugasundaram, R., and Selvaraj, R. (2022). Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens: A Review on the Pathogen, Pathogenesis, and Prevention. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101958"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1083","article-title":"Toxinotyping and Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) Networks and Functional Annotation of the Detected Toxin Genes of Clostridium perfringens Isolated from food samples in Duhok Province, Iraq","volume":"55","author":"Mamsin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2018.04.011","article-title":"Expansion of the Clostridium perfringens toxin-based typing scheme","volume":"53","author":"Rood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"79","article-title":"Molecular Characterization and Toxins Optimization of Indigenous Clostridium perfringens Toxinotype B Isolated from Lamb Dysentery Clinical Cases","volume":"29","author":"Sattar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0144-8","article-title":"An update on the human and animal enteric pathogen Clostridium perfringens","volume":"7","author":"Kiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638713483468","article-title":"Diagnosing clostridial enteric disease in poultry","volume":"25","author":"Cooper","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2022.106984","article-title":"Toxin genotypes of Clostridium perfringens isolates from common quail (Coturnix coturnix) with or without acute necrotic enteritis","volume":"221","author":"Alimolaei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2024.2330934","article-title":"An updated review on alternative strategies to antibiotics against necrotic enteritis in commercial broiler chickens","volume":"80","author":"Muneeb","year":"2024","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards the control of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens with in-feed antibiotics phasing-out worldwide","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shehata, A.A., Basiouni, S., Sting, R., Akimkin, V., Hoferer, M., and Hafez, H.M. (2021). Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome in Turkey Poults: Causes, Diagnosis and Preventive Measures. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11072063"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1051","article-title":"The Major Predisposing Factors for Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens and the Use of Probiotics as New Strategy to Prevent the Disease","volume":"4","author":"Riva","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Smits, C.H., Li, D., Patience, J.F., and den Hartog, L. (2021). Animal Nutrition Strategies and Options to Reduce the Use of Antimicrobials in Animal Production, FAO."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Khodambashi Emami, N. (2020). Managing Poultry Gut Integrity, Immunity and Microbial Balance During Necrotic Enteritis. [Ph.D. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04728-w","article-title":"Exploring the predictive power of jejunal microbiome composition in clinical and subclinical necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens: Insights from a broiler chicken model","volume":"22","author":"Gautam","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skae017","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae017","article-title":"Effects of dietary Nisin on growth performance, immune function and gut health of broilers challenged by Clostridium perfringens","volume":"102","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101330","article-title":"Centennial Review: Recent developments in host-pathogen interactions during necrotic enteritis in poultry","volume":"100","author":"Emami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.09.019","article-title":"Binding of Clostridium perfringens to collagen correlates with the ability to cause necrotic enteritis in chickens","volume":"180","author":"Wade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1637\/9399-052110-Reg.1","article-title":"An economic analysis of the impact of subclinical (mild) necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens","volume":"54","author":"Skinner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.01.004","article-title":"Probiotic Bacillus subtilis 29,784 improved weight gain and enhanced gut health status of broilers under necrotic enteritis condition","volume":"100","author":"Keerqin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.412","article-title":"Impacts of Microbial based Therapy on Growth Performance, Intestinal Health, Carcass Traits and Economic Efficiency of Clostridium perfringens-Infected Cobb and Arbor Acres Broilers","volume":"7","author":"Sallam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulkarni, R.R., Gaghan, C., Gorrell, K., Sharif, S., and Taha-Abdelaziz, K. (2022). Probiotics as alternatives to antibiotics for the prevention and control of necrotic enteritis in chickens. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060692"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101590","article-title":"Necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens: Disease characteristics and prevention using organic antibiotic alternatives\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"101","author":"Elbestawy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.08.012","article-title":"Necrotic enteritis and antibiotic-free production of broiler chickens: Challenges in testing and using alternative products","volume":"16","author":"Moore","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1886777","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium perfringens","volume":"12","author":"Navarro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.10.028","article-title":"The adherent abilities of Clostridium perfringens strains are critical for the pathogenesis of avian necrotic enteritis","volume":"197","author":"Wade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohiuddin, M., Song, Z., Liao, S., Qi, N., Li, J., Lv, M., Lin, X., Cai, H., Hu, J., and Liu, S. (2023). Animal Model Studies, Antibiotic Resistance and Toxin Gene Profile of NE Reproducing Clostridium perfringens Type A and Type G Strains Isolated from Commercial Poultry Farms in China. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030622"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"S181","article-title":"Pathogenicity of Clostridium perfringens: A Short Review","volume":"4","author":"Akram","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pak.-Euro J. Med. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grenda, T., Jarosz, A., Sapa\u0142a, M., Grenda, A., Patyra, E., and Kwiatek, K. (2023). Clostridium perfringens\u2014Opportunistic Foodborne Pathogen, Its Diversity and Epidemiological Significance. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12060768"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, M.R.A., Moreira, G.M.S., Cunha, C.E.P.D., Mendon\u00e7a, M., Salvarani, F.M., Moreira, \u00c2.N., and Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, F.R. (2016). Recombinant alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins of Clostridium perfringens: Production strategies and applications as veterinary vaccines. Toxins, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8110340"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3262","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.13320","article-title":"Bacterial phospholipases C with dual activity: Phosphatidylcholinesterase and sphingomyelinase","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K.-W., and Lillehoj, H.S. (2021). Role of Clostridium perfringens necrotic enteritis B-like toxin in disease pathogenesis. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10010061"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.014","article-title":"Clostridial pore-forming toxins: Powerful virulence factors","volume":"30","author":"Popoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"lxad273","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxad273","article-title":"Repurposing rabeprazole sodium as an anti-Clostridium perfringens drug by inhibiting perfringolysin O","volume":"134","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae016","article-title":"Toxigenic Clostridium perfringens isolated from at-risk paediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients","volume":"18","author":"Kuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garvey, M. (2023). Foodborne Clostridioides Species: Pathogenicity, Virulence and Biocontrol Options. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102483"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.-H. (2020). Sialidases from Clostridium perfringens and their inhibitors. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00462"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0413-x","article-title":"Rethinking the role of alpha toxin in Clostridium perfringens-associated enteric diseases: A review on bovine necro-haemorrhagic enteritis","volume":"48","author":"Goossens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3512","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.430223","article-title":"Molecular architecture and functional analysis of NetB, a pore-forming toxin from Clostridium perfringens","volume":"288","author":"Savva","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.13.168","article-title":"Towards an understanding of the role of Clostridium perfringens toxins in human and animal disease","volume":"9","author":"Uzal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.03136-14","article-title":"Characterization of Clostridium perfringens TpeL toxin gene carriage, production, cytotoxic contributions, and trypsin sensitivity","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1071\/MA15039","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens extracellular toxins and enzymes: 20 and counting","volume":"36","author":"Rood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiol. Aust."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5268","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7124880","article-title":"Membrane-binding mechanism of Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin","volume":"7","author":"Oda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro, M.A., McClane, B.A., and Uzal, F.A. (2018). Mechanisms of action and cell death associated with Clostridium perfringens toxins. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10050212"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"GPP3-0034-2018","article-title":"Virulence plasmids of the pathogenic Clostridia","volume":"7","author":"Vidor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.21608\/zvjz.2019.14139.1055","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens type A causing necrotic enteritis outbreaks among chickens in Egypt","volume":"47","author":"Helal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zagazig Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3390\/immuno2020024","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic diseases: An overview","volume":"2","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immuno"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uzal, F.A., Giannitti, F., and Asin, J. (2022). Yellow Lamb Disease (Clostridium perfringens Type A Enterotoxemia of Sheep): A Review. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12121590"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forti, K., Cagiola, M., Pellegrini, M., Anzalone, L., Di Paolo, A., Corneli, S., Severi, G., and De Giuseppe, A. (2020). Generation of recombinant baculovirus expressing atoxic C-terminal CPA toxin of Clostridium perfringens and production of specific antibodies. BMC Biotechnol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-019-0597-4"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"2155","article-title":"Toxins of Clostridium perfringens as virulence factors in animal diseases","volume":"6","author":"Rasool","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzaki, A., Ohtani, K., Komine-Aizawa, S., Matsumoto, A., Kamiya, S., and Hayakawa, S. (2021). Pathogenic characterization of Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from patients with massive intravascular hemolysis. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.713509"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6496","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00806-06","article-title":"Alpha-toxin of Clostridium perfringens is not an essential virulence factor in necrotic enteritis in chickens","volume":"74","author":"Keyburn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Li, Y., Mengist, H.M., Shi, C., Zhang, C., Wang, B., Li, T., Huang, Y., Xu, Y., and Jin, T. (2021). Structural basis of the pore-forming toxin\/membrane interaction. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13020128"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00019-13","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00019-13","article-title":"Structural and functional analysis of the pore-forming toxin NetB from Clostridium perfringens","volume":"4","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2016.1139688","article-title":"The pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in chickens: What we know and what we need to know: A review","volume":"45","author":"Prescott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2016.1158781","article-title":"NetB and necrotic enteritis: The hole movable story","volume":"45","author":"Rood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohtani, K., and Shimizu, T. (2016). Regulation of toxin production in Clostridium perfringens. Toxins, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8070207"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mora, Z.V.-D.L., Mac\u00edas-Rodr\u00edguez, M.E., Arratia-Quijada, J., Gonzalez-Torres, Y.S., Nu\u00f1o, K., and Villarruel-L\u00f3pez, A. (2020). Clostridium perfringens as foodborne pathogen in broiler production: Pathophysiology and potential strategies for controlling necrotic enteritis. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091718"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00975-16","article-title":"The Agr-like quorum sensing system is required for pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens in poultry","volume":"85","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keyburn, A.L., Boyce, J.D., Vaz, P., Bannam, T.L., Ford, M.E., Parker, D., Di Rubbo, A., Rood, J.I., and Moore, R.J. (2008). NetB, a new toxin that is associated with avian necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0040026"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2009069","article-title":"Association between avian necrotic enteritis and Clostridium perfringens strains expressing NetB toxin","volume":"41","author":"Keyburn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2021.102377","article-title":"Evaluation of different antigenic preparations against necrotic enteritis in broiler birds using a novel Clostridium perfringens type G strain","volume":"70","author":"Sarmah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.09.065","article-title":"Virulence of Clostridium perfringens in an experimental model of poultry necrotic enteritis","volume":"142","author":"Cooper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.05.034","article-title":"Probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H57 ameliorates subclinical necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks by maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity and improving feed efficiency","volume":"99","author":"Shini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goossens, E., Dierick, E., Ducatelle, R., and Van Immerseel, F. (2020). Spotlight on Avian Pathology: Untangling Contradictory Disease Descriptions of Necrotic Enteritis and Necro-Haemorrhagic Enteritis in Broilers, Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2020.1747593"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.12.036","article-title":"In vitro production of necrotic enteritis toxin B, NetB, by netB-positive and netB-negative Clostridium perfringens originating from healthy and diseased broiler chickens","volume":"144","author":"Abildgaard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103433","article-title":"Determination of the virulence status of Clostridium perfringens strains using a chicken intestinal ligated loop model is important for understanding the pathogenesis of necrotic","volume":"103","author":"Deslauriers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2016.1153799","article-title":"Genomic diversity of necrotic enteritis-associated strains of Clostridium perfringens: A review","volume":"45","author":"Lacey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1637\/11507-093016-Reg.1","article-title":"Characterization of Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from healthy and necrotic enteritis-afflicted broiler chickens","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7051702","article-title":"Perfringolysin O: The underrated Clostridium perfringens toxin?","volume":"7","author":"Verherstraeten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7721","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00090","article-title":"Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins: Membrane and protein structural requirements for pore formation: Focus review","volume":"119","author":"Morton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Mc Guinness, C. (2022). Perfringolysin O Pore Formation Dynamics: From Soluble Monomer to Membrane Insertion and Beyond. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of New South Wales]."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaz4926","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz4926","article-title":"All major cholesterol-dependent cytolysins use glycans as cellular receptors","volume":"6","author":"Shewell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2017.10.010","article-title":"Clostridial abomasitis and enteritis in ruminants","volume":"34","author":"Simpson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104379","article-title":"Effects of Clostridium perfringens beta2 toxin on apoptosis, inflammation, and barrier function of intestinal porcine epithelial cells","volume":"147","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dierick, E., Goossens, E., Prescott, J.F., Ducatelle, R., and Van Immerseel, F. (2022). Enteric Clostridia. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119754862.ch28"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Mehdizadeh Gohari, I. (2018). Understanding Type A Clostridium perfringens in Foal Necrotizing Enteritis and Canine Acute Hemorrhagic Diarrhea. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Guelph]."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forti, K., Ferroni, L., Pellegrini, M., Cruciani, D., De Giuseppe, A., Crotti, S., Papa, P., Maresca, C., Severi, G., and Marenzoni, M.L. (2020). Molecular characterization of Clostridium perfringens strains isolated in Italy. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12100650"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2014.09.004","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens type A\u2013E toxin plasmids","volume":"166","author":"Freedman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2019.02.007","article-title":"The prevalence of plasmid-coded cpe enterotoxin, \u03b22 toxin, tpeL toxin, and tetracycline resistance in Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from different sources","volume":"56","author":"Rafii","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00249-021-01577-7","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens Beta2 toxin forms highly cation-selective channels in lipid bilayers","volume":"51","author":"Benz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Saadat, A.P. (2021). Analysis of TpeL Secretion in Clostridium perfringens. [Ph.D. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2754\/avb202493010093","article-title":"Nontyping virulence factors of Clostridium perfringens","volume":"93","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Brno"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6ttelndreier, D., Langej\u00fcrgen, A., Lindner, R., and Genth, H. (2020). Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) is involved in the uptake of Clostridioides difficile toxin A and serves as an internalizing receptor. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.565465"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Orrell, K.E. (2021). Biochemical and Genomic Insights into the Translocation of Large Clostridial Toxins Across Host Cell Membranes. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Toronto]."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46394-6","article-title":"Molecular basis of TMPRSS2 recognition by Paeniclostridium sordellii hemorrhagic toxin","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00580-20","article-title":"Holin-dependent secretion of the large clostridial toxin TpeL by Clostridium perfringens","volume":"203","author":"Saadat","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.15547\/bjvm.2021-0060","article-title":"Detection of clostridium perfringens types through genetic profiling and mouse neutralisation test","volume":"26","author":"Khiav","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bulg. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1637\/11973-092018-Reg.1","article-title":"Characterization of virulent netB+\/tpeL+ Clostridium perfringens strains from necrotic enteritis\u2013affected broiler chicken farms","volume":"63","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00064-21","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00064-21","article-title":"Large clostridial toxins: Mechanisms and roles in disease","volume":"85","author":"Orrell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101414","article-title":"Research Note: Prevalence and molecular characteristics of Clostridium perfringens in \u201cno antibiotics ever\u201d broiler farms","volume":"100","author":"Fancher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-019-0015-1","article-title":"Genomic analysis on broiler-associated Clostridium perfringens strains and exploratory caecal microbiome investigation reveals key factors linked to poultry necrotic enteritis","volume":"1","author":"Kiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102647","article-title":"Collagen adhesin protein and necrotic enteritis B-like toxin as biomarkers for early diagnosis of necrotic enteritis in commercial broiler chickens","volume":"102","author":"Goo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00096-21","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00096-21","article-title":"A Novel PilR\/PilS Two-Component System Regulates Necrotic Enteritis Pilus Production in Clostridium perfringens","volume":"203","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Zhou, Y. (2022). Regulation of Pilus Production by the PilR\/PilS Two-Component and Agr-Like Quorum Sensing Systems in Clostridium perfringens. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Manitoba]."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00578-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00578-20","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens produces an adhesive pilus required for the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in poultry","volume":"203","author":"Lepp","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Speziale, P., Arciola, C.R., and Pietrocola, G. (2019). Fibronectin and its role in human infective diseases. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121516"},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Lewis, A.L., Chen, X., Schnaar, R.L., and Varki, A. (2022). Sialic acids and other nonulosonic acids. Essentials of Glycobiology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20150226","article-title":"Sialidases from gut bacteria: A mini-review","volume":"44","author":"Juge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sudhakara, P., Sellamuthu, I., and Aruni, A.W. (2019). Bacterial sialoglycosidases in virulence and pathogenesis. Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201901.0158.v1"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.56557\/ajmab\/2022\/v7i17564","article-title":"Major virulence factors and pathogenicity islands in pathogenic clostridium species","volume":"7","author":"Yimer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Medley, B. (2023). Investigating the Molecular Basis of Substrate Specificity in the Sialidase NanH and O-glycopeptidase Amuc_1438 Involved in Mucin Degradation. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Southampton]."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0036-x","article-title":"Interactions of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms with the intestinal mucosal barrier","volume":"16","author":"Martens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638719898689","article-title":"Two putative zinc metalloproteases contribute to the virulence of Clostridium perfringens strains that cause avian necrotic enteritis","volume":"32","author":"Wade","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Van Leuven, N. (2021). Towards a Better Understanding of Factors Influencing NetB Cytotoxicity: An In Vitro Study. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Ghent University]."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181922","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2181922","article-title":"The emerging roles of bacterial proteases in intestinal diseases","volume":"15","author":"Caminero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104682","article-title":"Differential gene expression in Clostridium perfringens during pre-and post-infection phases and in jejunal tissues of broilers with necrotic enteritis induced by Clostridium perfringens alone and its coinfection with Eimeria","volume":"104","author":"Ke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01056-1","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Pathogenesis, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, interaction with host, technology advances and emerging therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaragoza, N.E., Orellana, C.A., Moonen, G.A., Moutafis, G., and Marcellin, E. (2019). Vaccine production to protect animals against pathogenic clostridia. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11090525"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giery\u0144ska, M., Szulc-D\u0105browska, L., Struzik, J., Mielcarska, M.B., and Gregorczyk-Zboroch, K.P. (2022). Integrity of the intestinal barrier: The involvement of epithelial cells and microbiota\u2014A mutual relationship. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12020145"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwaa050","article-title":"The glycoconjugate-degrading enzymes of Clostridium perfringens: Tailored catalysts for breaching the intestinal mucus barrier","volume":"31","author":"Low","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.117651","article-title":"The effects of diet and gut microbiota on the regulation of intestinal mucin glycosylation","volume":"258","author":"Qu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01814-01817","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01814-17","article-title":"Conjugation-mediated horizontal gene transfer of Clostridium perfringens plasmids in the chicken gastrointestinal tract results in the formation of new virulent strains","volume":"83","author":"Lacey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"He, W. (2021). A Natural Model of Immunomodulation for Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Alberta]."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5074","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez297","article-title":"Structural analysis of broiler chicken small intestinal mucin O-glycan modification by Clostridium perfringens","volume":"98","author":"MacMillan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2013-00925","article-title":"Necrotic enteritis: Applications for the poultry industry","volume":"23","author":"Paiva","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parreira, V.R., Russell, K., Athanasiadou, S., and Prescott, J.F. (2016). Comparative transcriptome analysis by RNAseq of necrotic enteritis Clostridium perfringens during in vivo colonization and in vitro conditions. BMC Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0792-6"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2005.10.006","article-title":"Responses of broiler chickens orally challenged with Clostridium perfringens isolated from field cases of necrotic enteritis","volume":"81","author":"Olkowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00240-15","article-title":"The CpAL quorum sensing system regulates production of hemolysins CPA and PFO to build Clostridium perfringens biofilms","volume":"83","author":"Vidal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Mou, S., Li, L., Chen, Q., Yang, R., Guo, S., Jin, Y., Liu, L., Li, T., and Chen, H. (2024). The barrier disruption and pyroptosis of intestinal epithelial cells caused by perfringolysin O (PFO) from Clostridium perfringens. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13131140"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.11.063","article-title":"Differential expression of intestinal genes in necrotic enteritis challenged broiler chickens with 2 different Clostridium perfringens strains","volume":"100","author":"Kheravii","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53663-x","article-title":"The role of ATP-binding Cassette subfamily B member 6 in the inner ear","volume":"15","author":"Baril","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R107132","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.107132","article-title":"RBMX2 links Mycobacterium bovis infection to epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition and lung cancer progression","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Jiang, Y., Yang, Z., Xu, H., Khalid, A.K., Iftakhar, T., Peng, Y., Lu, L., Zhang, L., and Bermudez, L. (2024). Host factor RBMX2 promotes epithelial cell apoptosis by downregulating APAF-1\u2019s Retention Intron after Mycobacterium bovis infection. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1431207"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calik, A., Niraula, A., Dong, B., Blue, C.E.C., Fenster, D.A., and Dalloul, R.A. (2024). Iohexol-based assessment of intestinal permeability in broilers challenged with Eimeria maxima, Clostridium perfringens or both. Front. Physiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1520346"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103599","article-title":"Comparison of necrotic enteritis effects on growth performance and intestinal health in two different meat-type chicken strains Athens Canadian Random Bred and Cobb 500","volume":"103","author":"Goo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"275","article-title":"A review on the study of immunomodulators and herbal remedies: A natural approach to treating necrotic enteritis","volume":"13","author":"Aqeel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Biol. (PAB)"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"85","article-title":"Physiological parameters, intestinal microbial population and internal organ weight of broilers supplemented with the fungus monascus purpureus","volume":"12","author":"Yudiarti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v14i1.6241","article-title":"Current practices in the veterinary use of antibiotics in poultry laying hens in Friguiagb\u00e9 (Guinea)","volume":"14","author":"Soromou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taha, S.M., Abd El-Aziz, N.K., Abdelkhalek, A., Pet, I., Ahmadi, M., and El-Nabtity, S.M. (2024). Chitosan-Loaded Lagenaria siceraria and Thymus vulgaris potentiate antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities against extensive drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: In vitro and in vivo approaches. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13040428"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3chez, D., Raicek, M., Pinto Ferreira, J., Jeannin, M., Moulin, G., and Erlacher-Vindel, E. (2019). OIE annual report on antimicrobial agents intended for use in animals: Methods used. Front. Vet. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00317"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Vela, S., Mart\u00ednez-Sancho, A., Said, L.B., Torres, C., and Fliss, I. (2023). Pathogenicity and Antibiotic Resistance Diversity in Clostridium perfringens Isolates from Poultry Affected by Necrotic Enteritis in Canada. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070905"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomaa, N.H., El-Aziz, N.K.A., El-Naenaeey, E.Y., Abdelaziz, W.S., and Sewid, A.H. (2023). Antimicrobial potential of myricetin-coated zinc oxide nanocomposite against drug-resistant Clostridium perfringens. BMC Microbiol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02800-5"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bendary, M.M., Abd El-Hamid, M.I., El-Tarabili, R.M., Hefny, A.A., Algendy, R.M., Elzohairy, N.A., Ghoneim, M.M., Al-Sanea, M.M., Nahari, M.H., and Moustafa, W.H. (2022). Clostridium perfringens Associated with Foodborne Infections of Animal Origins: Insights into Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, Toxin Genes Profiles, and Toxinotypes. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11040551"},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"8","article-title":"Comparing the effect of nitazoxanide and tylosin against necrotic enteritis in broilers","volume":"14","author":"Eman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, R., Liu, B., Wu, L., Bao, H., Garc\u00eda, P., Wang, Y., Zhou, Y., and Zhang, H. (2023). A broad-spectrum phage endolysin (LysCP28) able to remove biofilms and inactivate Clostridium perfringens strains. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12020411"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307322","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202307322","article-title":"High-Resolution Large-Area Image Analysis Deciphers the Distribution of Salmonella Cells and ECM Components in Biofilms Formed on Charged PEDOT: PSS Surfaces","volume":"11","author":"Ray","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.09.010","article-title":"Biofilms of Clostridium species","volume":"30","author":"Bouttier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68179-9","article-title":"Bifidobacterial biofilm formation is a multifactorial adaptive phenomenon in response to bile exposure","volume":"10","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2017-0140","article-title":"Comparative analysis between biofilm formation and gene expression in Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates","volume":"13","author":"Freitas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charlebois, A., Jacques, M., and Archambault, M. (2014). Biofilm formation of Clostridium perfringens and its exposure to low-dose antimicrobials. Front. Microbiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00183"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4944","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00692-08","article-title":"Type IV pili and the CcpA protein are needed for maximal biofilm formation by the gram-positive anaerobic pathogen Clostridium perfringens","volume":"76","author":"Varga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Oliveira, A., Cataneli Pereira, V., Pinheiro, L., Moraes Riboli, D.F., Benini Martins, K., and Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha, M.D.L. (2016). Antimicrobial resistance profile of planktonic and biofilm cells of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17091423"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, P., Yin, R., Cheng, J., and Lin, J. (2023). Bacterial biofilm formation on biomaterials and approaches to its treatment and prevention. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202306.2248.v1"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2015.129","article-title":"PslG, a self-produced glycosyl hydrolase, triggers biofilm disassembly by disrupting exopolysaccharide matrix","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.8b00344","article-title":"Bio-orthogonal chemistry and reloadable biomaterial enable local activation of antibiotic prodrugs and enhance treatments against Staphylococcus aureus infections","volume":"4","author":"Czuban","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabb1112","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb1112","article-title":"Self-targeting, zwitterionic micellar dispersants enhance antibiotic killing of infectious biofilms\u2014An intravital imaging study in mice","volume":"6","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellich, B., Lagatolla, C., Tossi, A., Benincasa, M., Cescutti, P., and Rizzo, R. (2018). Influence of bacterial biofilm polysaccharide structure on interactions with antimicrobial peptides: A study on Klebsiella pneumoniae. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061685"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng, X., Yang, Y.-J., Li, Z., Ge, W.-B., Xu, X., Liu, X.-W., and Li, J.-Y. (2024). Fingolimod Inhibits Exopolysaccharide Production and Regulates Relevant Genes to Eliminate the Biofilm of K. pneumoniae. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031397"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, X., Nakatsu, C.H., and Bhunia, A.K. (2021). Bacterial biofilms and their implications in pathogenesis and food safety. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10092117"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2017.07.012","article-title":"Bacterial biofilm and associated infections","volume":"81","author":"Jamal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, W.S., Woo, D.U., Kang, Y.J., and Koo, O.K. (2021). Biofilm and spore formation of Clostridium perfringens and its resistance to disinfectant and oxidative stress. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040396"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2016.1189512","article-title":"Comparative transcriptomic analysis of Clostridium perfringens biofilms and planktonic cells","volume":"45","author":"Charlebois","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-018-1507-z","article-title":"Morphological observation and comparative transcriptomic analysis of Clostridium perfringens biofilm and planktonic cells","volume":"75","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14838","article-title":"Insights on toxin genotyping, virulence, antibiogram profiling, biofilm formation and efficacy of disinfectants on biofilms of Clostridium perfringens isolated from poultry, animals and humans","volume":"130","author":"Gharieb","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, H.A., El Bayomi, R.M., Hamed, R.I., Mohsen, R.A., El-Gohary, F.A., Hefny, A.A., Elkhawaga, E., and Tolba, H.M. (2022). Genetic relatedness, antibiotic resistance, and effect of silver nanoparticle on biofilm formation by Clostridium perfringens isolated from chickens, pigeons, camels, and human consumers. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9030109"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106409","article-title":"Biofilm formation by clinical Clostridium perfringens isolates and its suppression by thymol","volume":"105","author":"Bhattrai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2015.1058701","article-title":"Environmental factors that shape biofilm formation","volume":"80","author":"Toyofuku","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.13389","article-title":"The role of RNA regulators, quorum sensing and c-di-GMP in bacterial biofilm formation","volume":"13","author":"Condinho","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-024-01715-5","article-title":"Biofilm formation, occurrence, microbial communication, impact and characterization methods in natural and anthropic systems: A review","volume":"22","author":"Elumalai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.34297\/AJBSR.2021.12.001820","article-title":"Factors influencing bacterial biofilm formation and development","volume":"12","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Biomed. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-021-00624-x","article-title":"Microbial biofilm: Formation, architecture, antibiotic resistance, and control strategies","volume":"52","author":"Rather","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-023-03802-7","article-title":"Understanding the intricacies of microbial biofilm formation and its endurance in chronic infections: A key to advancing biofilm-targeted therapeutic strategies","volume":"206","author":"Dsouza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, S.S., Rama Rao, S.V., Hegde, N., Williams, N.J., Chatterjee, R.N., Raju, M.V.L.N., Reddy, G.N., Kumar, V., Phani Kumar, P.S., and Mallick, S. (2022). Effects of dietary antimicrobial growth promoters on performance parameters and abundance and diversity of broiler chicken gut microbiome and selection of antibiotic resistance genes. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.905050"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cella, E., Giovanetti, M., Benedetti, F., Scarpa, F., Johnston, C., Borsetti, A., Ceccarelli, G., Azarian, T., Zella, D., and Ciccozzi, M. (2023). Joining forces against antibiotic resistance: The one health solution. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12091074"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102266","article-title":"Modulation of growth performance, gut morphometry, and cecal microbiota in broilers by clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) supplementation","volume":"102","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"221","article-title":"The influence of the phytobiotic tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) on broiler production and health","volume":"55","author":"Wafaa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Stanica"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.08.075","article-title":"Effect of Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, bone mineralization, and bacterial population of broilers fed with different protein sources","volume":"99","author":"Ciurescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-020-00989-6","article-title":"Probiotics mitigating subclinical necrotic enteritis (SNE) as potential alternatives to antibiotics in poultry","volume":"10","author":"Khalique","year":"2020","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"4","article-title":"Probiotics in broiler poultry feeds: A review","volume":"1","author":"Jadhav","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Nutr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51823-z","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of novel Bacillus strains with superior probiotic potential: Comparative analysis and safety evaluation","volume":"14","author":"Golnari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monteiro, C.R., do Carmo, M.S., Melo, B.O., Alves, M.S., Dos Santos, C.I., Monteiro, S.G., Bomfim, M.R.Q., Fernandes, E.S., and Monteiro-Neto, V. (2019). In vitro antimicrobial activity and probiotic potential of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus against species of Clostridium. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020448"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Sayed, Y., Khalil, W., Fayez, N., and Mohamed Abdel-Fattah, A.-F. (2024). Enhancing effect of oregano essential oil and Bacillus subtilis on broiler immune function, intestinal morphology and growth performance. BMC Vet. Res., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-03960-w"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.103400","article-title":"Different levels of single-strain probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) with proteolytic enzyme (serratiopeptidase) can be used as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler","volume":"103","author":"Mushtaq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-023-03573-w","article-title":"Evaluation of Natural Antimicrobial Substances Blend as a Replacement for Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Broiler Chickens: Enhancing Growth and Managing Intestinal Bacterial Diseases","volume":"81","author":"Thirumeignanam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549541","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2549541","article-title":"Supplemental Bacillus subtilis PB6 improves growth performance and gut health in broilers challenged with Clostridium perfringens","volume":"2021","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103661","article-title":"Bacillus subtilis HW2 enhances growth performance and alleviates gut injury via attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and regulation of gut microbiota in broilers under necrotic enteritis challenge","volume":"103","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fancher, C.A., Zhang, L., Kiess, A.S., Adhikari, P.A., Dinh, T.T., and Sukumaran, A.T. (2020). Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens: Challenges in no antibiotics ever broiler production and potential solutions. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202009.0709.v1"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Wang, W., Liu, D., and Guo, Y. (2017). Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on gut microbiota composition in broilers challenged with Clostridium perfringens. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188634"},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"829","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus sp. Improved Performance of Broiler Chicken: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Pertiwi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Rev. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, S., Liu, D., Zhang, B., Li, Z., Li, Y., Ding, B., and Guo, Y. (2017). Two Lactobacillus species inhibit the growth and \u03b1-toxin production of Clostridium perfringens and induced proinflammatory factors in chicken intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02081"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emami, N.K., Calik, A., White, M.B., Young, M., and Dalloul, R.A. (2019). Necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens: The role of tight junctions and mucosal immune responses in alleviating the effect of the disease. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7080231"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieco-Saiz, N., Belguesmia, Y., Raspoet, R., Auclair, E., Padgett, C., Bailey, C., Gancel, F., and Drider, D. (2022). Protective effects of novel Lactobacillaceae strains isolated from chicken Caeca against necrotic enteritis infection: In vitro and in vivo evidences. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10010152"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Ni, X., Qing, X., Liu, L., Lai, J., Khalique, A., Li, G., Pan, K., Jing, B., and Zeng, D. (2017). Probiotic enhanced intestinal immunity in broilers against subclinical necrotic enteritis. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01592"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Ni, X., Qing, X., Liu, L., Xin, J., Luo, M., Khalique, A., Dan, Y., Pan, K., and Jing, B. (2018). Probiotic Lactobacillus johnsonii BS15 improves blood parameters related to immunity in broilers experimentally infected with subclinical necrotic enteritis. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00049"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.05.011","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis revealed ameliorative effect of probiotic Lactobacillus johnsonii BS15 against subclinical necrotic enteritis induced hepatic inflammation in broilers","volume":"132","author":"Khalique","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2018-0008","article-title":"Efficacy and safety assessment of microbiological feed additive for chicken broilers in tolerance studies","volume":"62","author":"Michalczuk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalczuk, M., Holl, E., M\u00f6ddel, A., J\u00f3\u017awik, A., S\u0142\u00f3sarz, B., Nie, J., \u017b\u0105bek, D., and Konieczka, K. (2021). Phytogenic Ingredients from Hops and Organic Acids Improve Selected Indices of Welfare, Health Status Markers, and Bacteria Composition in the Caeca of Broiler Chickens. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113249"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, T., Peng, X.-Y., Gao, B., Wei, Q.-L., Xiang, R., Yuan, M.-G., and Xu, Z.-H. (2019). The effect of Clostridium butyricum on gut microbiota, immune response and intestinal barrier function during the development of necrotic enteritis in chickens. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02309"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023011","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.2023011","article-title":"Regulatory effects of the probiotic Clostridium butyricum on gut microbes, intestinal health, and growth performance of chickens","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46578-x","article-title":"Pretreatment with probiotic Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 11181 ameliorates necrotic enteritis-induced intestinal barrier injury in broiler chickens","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2018.1454325","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their symbiotic effect on serum biochemical parameters in broilers challenged with Clostridium perfringens","volume":"46","author":"Abudabos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5392","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez368","article-title":"Effect of Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 on the intestinal structural integrity and growth performance of broiler chickens under necrotic enteritis challenge","volume":"98","author":"Sokale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-019-09597-8","article-title":"Dietary probiotic Bacillus licheniformis H2 enhanced growth performance, morphology of small intestine and liver, and antioxidant capacity of broiler chickens against Clostridium perfringens-induced subclinical necrotic enteritis","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2024.102844","article-title":"The small acid-soluble proteins of spore-forming organisms: Similarities and differences in function","volume":"87","author":"Nerber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0219-2","article-title":"Effects of Bacillus licheniformis on the growth performance and expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20059-z","article-title":"Bacillus licheniformis normalize the ileum microbiota of chickens infected with necrotic enteritis","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogbuewu, I.P., Mabelebele, M., Sebola, N.A., and Mbajiorgu, C. (2022). Bacillus probiotics as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics and its influence on growth, serum chemistry, antioxidant status, intestinal histomorphology, and lesion scores in disease-challenged broiler chickens. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.876725"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12980","article-title":"Inclusion of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain TOA 5001 in the diet of broilers suppresses the symptoms of coccidiosis by modulating intestinal microbiota","volume":"89","author":"Tsukahara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luise, D., Bosi, P., Raff, L., Amatucci, L., Virdis, S., and Trevisi, P. (2022). Bacillus spp. probiotic strains as a potential tool for limiting the use of antibiotics, and improving the growth and health of pigs and chickens. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.801827"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2019.05.008","article-title":"The effects of probiotic Bacillus coagulans on the cytotoxicity and expression of alpha toxin gene of Clostridium perfringens type A","volume":"59","author":"Kawarizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.3390\/applmicrobiol3030064","article-title":"Overview of probiotic strains of Weizmannia coagulans, previously known as Bacillus coagulans, as food supplements and their use in human health","volume":"3","author":"Fijan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2021.1938114","article-title":"Effect of Non-LAB Probiotics on Foodborne Enteric Pathogens: A Systematic Review","volume":"39","author":"Yeni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_203","first-page":"16","article-title":"Weizmannia coagulans: An ideal probiotic for gut health","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, S., Ma, Y., Yan, B., Pei, W., Wu, Q., Ding, C., and Huang, C. (2022). The promotion mechanism of prebiotics for probiotics: A review. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1000517"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13784","article-title":"Probiotic mixture (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis) a potential in-feed additive to improve broiler production efficiency, nutrient digestibility, caecal microflora, meat quality and to diminish hazardous odour emission","volume":"107","author":"Biswas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_206","first-page":"439","article-title":"Research Progress of Rare Carbohydrate Prebiotics","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Food Ind."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12565","article-title":"Effectiveness of probiotics, prebiotics, and prebiotic-like components in common functional foods","volume":"19","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.103287","article-title":"Improving quality of poultry and its meat products with probiotics, prebiotics, and phytoextracts","volume":"103","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102541","article-title":"\u0392-glucans and MOS, essential oil, and probiotics in diets of broilers challenged with Eimeria spp. and Clostridium perfringens","volume":"102","author":"Barbalho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japr.2021.100164","article-title":"Can probiotic or prebiotic yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) serve as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics for healthy or disease-challenged broiler chickens?: A review","volume":"30","author":"Ahiwe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_211","first-page":"345","article-title":"Insights on the use of butyric acid, and nucleotides as feed additives in poultry: A review","volume":"14","author":"Aziz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00448-z","article-title":"Effect of dietary supplementation with yeast cell wall extracts on performance and gut response in broiler chickens","volume":"11","author":"Pascual","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawling, M., Schiavone, M., Apper, E., Merrifield, D.L., Castex, M., Leclercq, E., and Foey, A. (2023). Yeast cell wall extracts from Saccharomyces cerevisiae varying in structure and composition differentially shape the innate immunity and mucosal tissue responses of the intestine of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1158390"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c08473","article-title":"Synbiotic Combination between Lactobacillus paracasei VL8 and Mannan-Oligosaccharide Repairs the Intestinal Barrier in the Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis Model by Regulating the Intestinal Stem Cell Niche","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.06.017","article-title":"Mannanase improves the growth performance of broilers by alleviating inflammation of the intestinal epithelium and improving intestinal microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2023.2298513","article-title":"Combating the persistence of Salmonella infections in laying hens: Nutritional, managemental and vaccination strategies","volume":"80","author":"Poudel","year":"2024","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchi, P.H., Vendramini, T.H.A., Zafalon, R.V.A., Pr\u00edncipe, L.D.A., Cesar, C.G.L., Perini, M.P., Putarov, T.C., Gomes, C.O.M.S., Balieiro, J.C.D.C., and Brunetto, M.A. (2024). Effects of Increasing Levels of Purified Beta-1, 3\/1, 6-Glucans on the Fecal Microbiome, Digestibility, and Immunity Variables of Healthy Adult Dogs. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010113"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2016.03.009","article-title":"Effects of dietary yeast \u03b2-glucans supplementation on growth performance, gut morphology, intestinal Clostridium perfringens population and immune response of broiler chickens challenged with necrotic enteritis","volume":"215","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2022.104613","article-title":"Early-life \u03b2-glucan exposure enhances disease resilience of broiler chickens to a natural Clostridium perfringens infection","volume":"140","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102660","article-title":"Dietary yeast cell wall enhanced intestinal health of broiler chickens by modulating intestinal integrity, immune responses, and microbiota","volume":"102","author":"Kyoung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5816","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-18003","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics regulate the intestinal microbiota differentially and restore the relative abundance of specific gut microorganisms","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razali, F.N., Teoh, W.Y., Ramli, M.Z., Loo, C.-Y., and Gnanaraj, C. (2024). Role of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in the management of colonic disorders. Advanced Drug Delivery Systems for Colonic Disorders, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-14044-0.00002-8"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2019.10.081","article-title":"Research Note: Effect of synbiotic supplementation on caecal Clostridium perfringens load in broiler chickens with different necrotic enteritis challenge models","volume":"99","author":"Shanmugasundaram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102959","article-title":"Effect of synbiotic supplementation on production performance and severity of necrotic enteritis in broilers during an experimental necrotic enteritis challenge","volume":"102","author":"Shah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex074","article-title":"Avi-Lution\u00ae supplemented at 1.0 or 2.0 g\/kg in feed improves the growth performance of broiler chickens during challenge with bacitracin-resistant Clostridium perfringens","volume":"96","author":"Krueger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_226","first-page":"373","article-title":"Influence of dietary organic acids supplementation on reproductive performance of freshwater Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare)","volume":"13","author":"Shahidi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Vet."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012048","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/85\/1\/012048","article-title":"Importance of medium chain fatty acids in animal nutrition","volume":"85","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szab\u00f3, R.T., Kov\u00e1cs-Weber, M., Zimbor\u00e1n, \u00c1., Kov\u00e1cs, L., and Erd\u00e9lyi, M. (2023). Effects of Short-and Medium-Chain Fatty Acids on Production, Meat Quality, and Microbial Attributes\u2014A Review. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.0791.v1"},{"key":"ref_229","first-page":"6653190","article-title":"Chemistry, safety, and challenges of the use of organic acids and their derivative salts in meat preservation","volume":"2021","author":"Smaoui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, D., Qiu, K., Zhang, H.-J., Wu, S.-G., Han, Y.-M., Wu, Y.-Y., Qi, G.-H., and Wang, J. (2021). Organic acids as alternatives for antibiotic growth promoters alter the intestinal structure and microbiota and improve the growth performance in broilers. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.618144"},{"key":"ref_231","first-page":"110","article-title":"Effect of some antibiotic alternatives on experimentally Escherichia coli infected broiler chicks","volume":"63","author":"Abeer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alex. J. Veter-Sci."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.04.003","article-title":"Organic acid blends improve intestinal integrity, modulate short-chain fatty acids profiles and alter microbiota of broilers under necrotic enteritis challenge","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granstad, S., Kristoffersen, A.B., Benestad, S.L., Sjurseth, S.K., David, B., S\u00f8rensen, L., Fjermedal, A., Edvardsen, D.H., Sanson, G., and L\u00f8vland, A. (2020). Effect of feed additives as alternatives to in-feed antimicrobials on production performance and intestinal Clostridium perfringens counts in broiler chickens. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10020240"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelli, N., P\u00e9rez, J.F., Vilarrasa, E., Cabeza Luna, I., Melo-Duran, D., D\u2019Angelo, M., and Sol\u00e0-Oriol, D. (2020). Targeted-release organic acids and essential oils improve performance and digestive function in broilers under a necrotic enteritis challenge. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10020259"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Appleton, S.R., Ballou, A., and Watkins, K.L. (2024). Use of Monoglycerides and Diglycerides to Mitigate Poultry Production Losses: A Review. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202401.0443.v1"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Osorio, L.-M., Yepes-Medina, V., Ballou, A., Parini, M., and Angel, R. (2021). Short and medium chain fatty acids and their derivatives as a natural strategy in the control of necrotic enteritis and microbial homeostasis in broiler chickens. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.773372"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tugnoli, B., Giovagnoni, G., Piva, A., and Grilli, E. (2020). From acidifiers to intestinal health enhancers: How organic acids can improve growth efficiency of pigs. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10010134"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nhara, R.B., Marume, U., and Nantapo, C.W.T. (2024). Potential of Organic Acids, Essential Oils and Their Blends in Pig Diets as Alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promoters. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14050762"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dittoe, D.K., Ricke, S.C., and Kiess, A.S. (2018). Organic Acids and Potential for Modifying the Avian Gastrointestinal Tract and Reducing Pathogens and Disease. Front. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00216"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-023-00245-8","article-title":"Positive and negative aspects of bacteriophages and their immense role in the food chain","volume":"8","author":"Ranveer","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Sci. Food"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00755-4","article-title":"Mutualistic interplay between bacteriophages and bacteria in the human gut","volume":"20","author":"Shkoporov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00602-y","article-title":"Interactions between bacterial and phage communities in natural environments","volume":"20","author":"Chevallereau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, A., Liu, Z., Lv, X., Zhou, C., Ran, T., and Tan, Z. (2024). Prospects and Challenges of Bacteriophage Substitution for Antibiotics in Livestock and Poultry Production. Biology, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13010028"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moye, Z.D., Woolston, J., and Sulakvelidze, A. (2018). Bacteriophage applications for food production and processing. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10040205"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109886","article-title":"Characterization and optimization of bacteriophage cocktails to control Clostridium perfringens in vitro and in curry roux","volume":"380","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109514","article-title":"Virulent phage vB_CpeP_HN02 inhibits Clostridium perfringens on the surface of the chicken meat","volume":"363","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0378423","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03784-23","article-title":"Broad host range phages target global Clostridium perfringens bacterial strains and clear infection in five-strain model systems","volume":"12","author":"Thanki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2024.2321967","article-title":"Multiple factorial analysis of growth performance, gut population, lipid profiles, immune responses, intestinal histomorphology, and relative organ weights of Cobb 500 broilers fed a diet supplemented with phage cocktail and probiotics","volume":"23","author":"Sieo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-021-09821-3","article-title":"Bacteriophage mediated control of necrotic enteritis caused by C. perfringens in broiler chickens","volume":"45","author":"Hosny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_250","unstructured":"Swain, P.S., Prusty, S., Rao, S.B.N., Rajendran, D., and Patra, A.K. (2021). Essential nanominerals and other nanomaterials in poultry nutrition and production. Advances in Poultry Nutrition Research, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.36062\/ijah.58.2SPL.2019.105-120","article-title":"Are nanomaterials potential new generation antimicrobial feed additives in livestock","volume":"58","author":"Patra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Heal"},{"key":"ref_252","first-page":"877","article-title":"Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Biofilm Formation by Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Poultry and Molecular Typing of Strains by ERIC-PCR","volume":"13","author":"Torky","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.3390\/applmicrobiol2040053","article-title":"Selected antimicrobial peptides inhibit in vitro growth of Campylobacter spp","volume":"2","author":"Line","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, G., Souza Santos, L., and Franco, O.L. (2022). Antimicrobial Peptides Controlling Resistant Bacteria in Animal Production. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.874153"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.05.038","article-title":"CGLRs are a diverse family of pattern recognition receptors in innate immunity","volume":"186","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-023-02313-8","article-title":"Perspectives in Searching Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) Produced by the Microbiota","volume":"87","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roque-Borda, C.A., Pereira, L.P., Guastalli, E.A.L., Soares, N.M., Mac-Lean, P.A.B., Salgado, D.D.A., Meneguin, A.B., Chorilli, M., and Vicente, E.F. (2021). Hpmcp-coated microcapsules containing the ctx (Ile21)-ha antimicrobial peptide reduce the mortality rate caused by resistant Salmonella enteritidis in laying hens. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10060616"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2024.107151","article-title":"Recent Advances in antimicrobial peptide-based therapy","volume":"145","author":"Mulukutla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fuab048","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuab048","article-title":"Mechanisms and clinical importance of bacteriophage resistance","volume":"46","author":"Egido","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pontes, J.T.C.D., Toledo Borges, A.B., Roque-Borda, C.A., and Pavan, F.R. (2022). Antimicrobial peptides as an alternative for the eradication of bacterial biofilms of multi-drug resistant bacteria. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14030642"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e216","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30327-3","article-title":"The value of antimicrobial peptides in the age of resistance","volume":"20","author":"Magana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abreu, R., Semedo-Lemsaddek, T., Cunha, E., Tavares, L., and Oliveira, M. (2023). Antimicrobial drug resistance in poultry production: Current status and innovative strategies for bacterial control. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11040953"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50511-7","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptide, cLF36, affects performance and intestinal morphology, microflora, junctional proteins, and immune cells in broilers challenged with E. coli","volume":"9","author":"Daneshmand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Vela, S., Guay, L.-D., Rahman, M.R.T., Biron, E., Torres, C., and Fliss, I. (2024). Antimicrobial Activity of Synthetic Enterocins A, B, P, SEK4, and L50, Alone and in Combinations, against Clostridium perfringens. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031597"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.C., Mart\u00ednez-Tapia, A., Lazcano-Hern\u00e1ndez, G., Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez, B.E., and Castrej\u00f3n-Jim\u00e9nez, N.S. (2021). Bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria. A powerful alternative as antimicrobials, probiotics, and immunomodulators in veterinary medicine. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11040979"},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4750","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9284","article-title":"The antimicrobial peptide sublancin ameliorates necrotic enteritis induced by Clostridium perfringens in broilers","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiero\u0144czyk, B., Rawski, M., Miko\u0142ajczak, Z., \u015awi\u0105tkiewicz, S., and J\u00f3zefiak, D. (2020). Nisin as a novel feed additive: The effects on gut microbial modulation and activity, histological parameters, and growth performance of broiler chickens. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10010101"},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.22358\/jafs\/67802\/2016","article-title":"The nisin improves broiler chicken growth performance and interacts with salinomycin in terms of gastrointestinal tract microbiota composition","volume":"25","author":"Rawski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Feed Sci."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2022.2151395","article-title":"Application of herbs and their derivatives in broiler chickens: A review","volume":"79","author":"Rafeeq","year":"2023","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_270","unstructured":"Ip\u00e7ak, H.H. (2023). The Role of Phytogenic Feed Additives in Modulating Poultry Nutritional Physiology and Genomics, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13922","article-title":"Assessing the potential of phytogenic feed additives: A comprehensive review on their effectiveness as a potent dietary enhancement for nonruminant in swine and poultry","volume":"108","author":"Biswas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djuragic, O., \u010cabarkapa, I., \u0160ereme\u0161i\u0107, M.M., Rakita, S., and Tomi\u010di\u0107, Z. (2023). Feed Additives, Their Role, and Technological Properties. Sustainable Use of Feed Additives in Livestock: Novel Ways for Animal Production, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-42855-5_2"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.01.006","article-title":"The effect of developmental and environmental factors on secondary metabolites in medicinal plants","volume":"148","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u010cabarkapa, I., Puva\u010da, N., Popovi\u0107, S., \u010colovi\u0107, D., Kostadinovi\u0107, L., Tatham, E.K., and Levi\u0107, J. (2020). Aromatic plants and their extracts pharmacokinetics and in vitro\/in vivo mechanisms of action. Feed Additives, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814700-9.00005-4"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev375","article-title":"Functional assessment of encapsulated citral for controlling necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens","volume":"95","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101163","article-title":"Effects of oregano essential oil as an antibiotic growth promoter alternative on growth performance, antioxidant status, and intestinal health of broilers","volume":"100","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.736","article-title":"Effects of supplementing diet with Thyme (Thymuas vulgaris L.) essential oil and\/or selenium yeast on production performance and blood variables of broiler chickens","volume":"8","author":"Noruzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101584","article-title":"Essential oils and their nanoemulsions as green alternatives to antibiotics in poultry nutrition: A comprehensive review","volume":"101","author":"Saad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gharaibeh, M.H., Khalifeh, M.S., Nawasreh, A.N., Hananeh, W.M., and Awawdeh, M.S. (2021). Assessment of immune response and efficacy of essential oils application on controlling necrotic enteritis induced by Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26154527"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103718","article-title":"Extract of Scutellaria baicalensis and Lonicerae flos Improves Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Barrier of Yellow-Feather Broiler Chickens Against Clostridium perfringens","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Garc\u00eda, M., Arg\u00fcello, H., Puente, H., Menc\u00eda-Ares, \u00d3., Gonz\u00e1lez, S., Miranda, R., Rubio, P., and Carvajal, A. (2020). In-depth in vitro evaluation of the activity and mechanisms of action of organic acids and essential oils against swine enteropathogenic bacteria. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.572947"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Lao, Y., Pan, Y., Chen, Y., Zhao, H., Gong, L., Xie, N., and Mo, C.-H. (2021). Synergistic antimicrobial effectiveness of plant essential oil and its application in seafood preservation: A review. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26020307"},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.101848","article-title":"Efficacy of an attenuated vaccine against avian coccidiosis in combination with feed additives based on organic acids and essential oils on production performance and intestinal lesions in broilers experimentally challenged with necrotic enteritis","volume":"101","author":"Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2022.09.010","article-title":"Dietary coated essential oil and organic acid mixture supplementation improves health of broilers infected with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"12","author":"Pham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, J., Shang, Z., Liu, X., Wang, K., Wu, Z., Wei, Q., and Li, H. (2022). Regulatory effects of combined dietary supplementation with essential oils and organic acids on microbial communities of cobb broilers. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.814626"},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103655","article-title":"Effects of microencapsulated essential oils and organic acids preparation on growth performance, slaughter characteristics, nutrient digestibility and intestinal microenvironment of broiler chickens","volume":"103","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111967","article-title":"Green approaches in synthesising nanomaterials for environmental nanobioremediation: Technological advancements, applications, benefits and challenges","volume":"204","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-021-02258-x","article-title":"Bioremedial approach of Pseudomonas stutzeri SPM-1 for textile azo dye degradation","volume":"203","author":"Bera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.4c00206","article-title":"Sustainable synthesis of novel green-based nanoparticles for therapeutic interventions and environmental remediation","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol."},{"key":"ref_290","first-page":"3100","article-title":"Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles: A critical review","volume":"10","author":"Harpal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Surv. Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2024.103277","article-title":"Biomimetic synthesis of nanoparticles: A comprehensive review on green synthesis of nanoparticles with a focus on Prosopis farcta plant extracts and biomedical applications","volume":"332","author":"Mohammadidargah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2017.09.026","article-title":"Plant-mediated biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles: A review of literature, factors affecting synthesis, characterization techniques and applications","volume":"5","author":"Vijayaraghavan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_293","first-page":"105","article-title":"Nanotechnology as a modern technique to impart both natural and synthetic fabrics anti-viral, anti-bacterial and water-repellent properties","volume":"21","author":"Alashkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Text. Color. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16848","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21087-6","article-title":"Green synthesis of cellulose nanocrystal\/ZnO bio-nanocomposites exerting antibacterial activity and downregulating virulence toxigenic genes of food-poisoning bacteria","volume":"12","author":"Dawwam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4314\/ijs.v26i1.3","article-title":"Kinetics of antibacterial activities of cellulose nanocrystals and their silver-zinc oxide nanocomposites: Application as potential disinfectants","volume":"26","author":"Agunbiade","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ife J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_296","first-page":"100364","article-title":"Carboxymethyl cellulose capped zinc oxide nanoparticles dispersed in ionic liquid and its antimicrobial effects against foodborne pathogens","volume":"6","author":"Qu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.08.051","article-title":"In vitro degradation and possible hydrolytic mechanism of PHBV nanocomposites by incorporating cellulose nanocrystal-ZnO nanohybrids","volume":"176","author":"Abdalkarim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NA00648G","article-title":"MoS 2\/cellulose-doped ZnO nanorods for catalytic, antibacterial and molecular docking studies","volume":"4","author":"Ikram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131228","article-title":"Synthesis of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystal\/ZnO nanohybrids using Oxytenanthera abyssinica cellulose and zinc nitrate hexahydrate for radical scavenging, photocatalytic, and antibacterial activities","volume":"267","author":"Worku","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_300","unstructured":"Azizy, S. (2014). Preparation and Characterization of Poly(vinyl Alcohol)\/chitosan Bio-Nanocomposites Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals, Cellulose Nanocrystals\/Zinc Oxide and Cellulose Nanocrystals\/Zinc Oxide-Silver Nanoparticles. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia]."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceja.2022.100273","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of spray-dried cellulose nanocrystals and metal oxide-based nanoparticles-in-microspheres","volume":"10","author":"Baldelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J. Adv."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amin, I., Abdelkhalek, A., El-Demerdash, A.S., Pet, I., Ahmadi, M., and Abd El-Aziz, N.K. (2025). Cellulose Nanocrystal\/Zinc Oxide Bio-Nanocomposite Activity on Planktonic and Biofilm Producing Pan Drug-Resistant Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Chickens and Turkeys. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14060575"},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, E.-S., Choi, C.-H., Jeon, J.-H., Kim, S.-H., Song, H.-J., Yi, H., Rhie, G.-E., and Chung, Y.-S. (2025). Dual-Toxin-Producing Clostridium botulinum Strain Isolated from a Foodborne Botulism Case in Korea: Genomic and Functional Insights. Toxins, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17060299"},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Priya, G.B., Srinivas, K., Shilla, H., and Milton, A.A.P. (2023). High prevalence of multidrug-resistant, biofilm-forming virulent Clostridium perfringens in broiler chicken retail points in Northeast India. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12224185"},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.56808\/2985-1130.2830","article-title":"Effect of a prebiotic, probiotic and symbiotic on performance of broilers under Clostridium perfringens challenge","volume":"47","author":"Abudabos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thai J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105504","article-title":"Effect of coated organic acids on growth performance, Clostridium perfringens colonization, gut integrity and immune response in broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis","volume":"104","author":"Ko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerek, \u00c1., Szab\u00f3, \u00c1., Barn\u00e1cz, F., Csirmaz, B., Kov\u00e1cs, L., and Jerzsele, \u00c1. (2025). Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Toxin Gene Profiles of Commensal Clostridium perfringens Isolates from Turkeys in Hungarian Poultry Farms (2022\u20132023). Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14040413"},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-020-01153-w","article-title":"Pretreatment with probiotics ameliorate gut health and necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens, a substitute to antibiotics","volume":"10","author":"Rajput","year":"2020","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-025-01228-3","article-title":"Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics reveal multi-target mechanisms of tannins against Clostridium perfringens and necrotic enteritis","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/9\/882\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:02:50Z","timestamp":1788264170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/9\/882"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":309,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci13090882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci13090882","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]}}}