{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T17:09:59Z","timestamp":1788800999594,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P4-0220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P4-0220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["P4-0220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P4-0220"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059bp8k51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet. Sci.","Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photobiomodulation using low-level laser irradiation has been proposed as a non-thermal approach for stimulating cellular metabolism, but practical protocols for its application to bovine embryos after fertilisation remain insufficiently described. This study aimed to establish a practical low-level laser irradiation procedure at different time points during the in vitro development of bovine embryos. Abattoir-derived oocytes were matured, fertilised with semen from a single bull, and cultured under standard conditions. Entire culture dishes were irradiated using a K-Laser Cube at 800 nm and 0.10 W for 200 s, delivering 20 J, on day one, three or five after fertilisation; an untreated run served as a reference. Embryos were evaluated on day seven according to International Embryo Transfer Society standards. Across four separate production runs, 1345 inseminated oocytes yielded 348 blastocysts meeting IETS stage 6, quality grade 1 criteria (26% overall); blastocyst rates were 27.8%, 22.0%, 25.9% and 28.5% for the reference, day one, day three and day five runs. Because each treatment was tested in a separate run, these values are descriptive and do not permit assessment of treatment efficacy. The procedure was incorporated into routine bovine in vitro embryo production and provides a basis for future validation studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13090913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T16:30:02Z","timestamp":1788798602000},"page":"913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Establishment of a Low-Level Laser Irradiation Protocol for In Vitro Development of Bovine Embryos"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Plav\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Vets4science d.o.o., Kukov\u010deva Ulica 2, 3000 Celje, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3330-7909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minja","family":"Zorc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7418-0054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Dov\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119002775","article-title":"Review: Recent advances in bovine in vitro embryo production: Reproductive biotechnology history and methods","volume":"14","author":"Kjelland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-18-0008","article-title":"40 years of bovine IVF in the new genomic selection context","volume":"156","author":"Sirard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.1153","article-title":"Consequences of bovine oocyte maturation, fertilization or early embryo development in vitro versus in vivo: Implications for blastocyst yield and blastocyst quality","volume":"61","author":"Rizos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.007799","article-title":"Bovine embryo culture in the presence or absence of serum: Implications for blastocyst development, cryotolerance, and messenger RNA expression","volume":"68","author":"Rizos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz116","article-title":"BOARD INVITED REVIEW: Post-transfer consequences of in vitro-produced embryos in cattle","volume":"97","author":"Ealy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2015.9848","article-title":"Low-level light\/laser therapy versus photobiomodulation therapy","volume":"33","author":"Anders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photomed. 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Scand."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1260629","article-title":"Evidence of oocyte donor cow effect over oocyte production and embryo development in vitro","volume":"126","author":"Tamassia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.12.021","article-title":"Cellular and molecular characterization of the impact of laboratory setup on bovine in vitro embryo production","volume":"77","author":"Plourde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/9\/913\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T16:54:02Z","timestamp":1788800042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/9\/913"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci13090913"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci13090913","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]]}}}