{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:05:57Z","timestamp":1789103157211,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05hak1h47","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021039","name":"Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021039","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00e4zxr41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet. Sci.","Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>14-3-3\u03c3 is a cell-cycle regulatory protein implicated in tumor development and progression, but its expression in canine primary pulmonary carcinomas (CPPC) has not been characterized. This study investigated 14-3-3\u03c3 immunohistochemical expression in primary pulmonary carcinomas and its relationship with histological grade, proliferative activity, mitotic count, and tumor volume. Ten CPPCs were examined and graded according to established criteria. Immunohistochemical expression of 14-3-3\u03c3 was evaluated using a semiquantitative scoring system, while Ki-67 labeling was assessed by calculating the labeling index. Nine of 10 tumors (90%) showed 14-3-3\u03c3 immunoreactivity, which was predominantly multifocal, heterogeneous, and cytoplasmic; nuclear immunoreactivity was observed, particularly in areas showing strong cytoplasmic staining. Exploratory correlation analyses did not identify statistically significant associations between the 14-3-3\u03c3 immunohistochemical score and histological grade, Ki-67 labeling index, mitotic count, or estimated tumor volume. The Ki-67 labeling index ranged from 20.4% to 89.5% (median, 35.6%). These findings provide preliminary descriptive data on 14-3-3\u03c3 immunoreactivity in CPPCs. Larger studies incorporating quantitative assessment and clinical follow-up are warranted to determine its clinicopathological and prognostic significance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13090926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T09:24:02Z","timestamp":1788945842000},"page":"926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunohistochemical Characterization of 14-3-3\u03c3 Expression in Canine Primary Pulmonary Carcinomas: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Morar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0455-1366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corina","family":"Toma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Bochynska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre 00265, Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8268-288X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragos","family":"Hodor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Andrada","family":"Negoescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Cristina Diana","family":"Borfalau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefana","family":"Prica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0000-9737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudiu","family":"Gal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Synevovet, Industriilor 25, Ilfov, 077040 Chiajna, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Cornel","family":"Catoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.20.12.0698","article-title":"Distribution of Histopathologic Types of Primary Pulmonary Neoplasia in Dogs and Outcome of Affected Dogs: 340 Cases (2010\u20132019)","volume":"260","author":"McPhetridge","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1997.211.11.1422","article-title":"Evaluation of Prognostic Factors for Dogs with Primary Lung Tumors: 67 Cases (1985\u20131992)","volume":"211","author":"McNiel","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Maxie, M.G. (2016). Respiratory System. Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer\u2019s Pathology of Domestic Animals, Saunders Elsevier. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0000000000000630","article-title":"The 2015 World Health Organization Classification of Lung Tumors: Impact of Genetic, Clinical and Radiologic Advances since the 2004 Classification","volume":"10","author":"Travis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25183","article-title":"The Biology and Management of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"553","author":"Herbst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.1998.0281","article-title":"Proliferation Indices in Spontaneous Canine Lung Cancer: Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), Ki-67 (MIB1) and Mitotic Counts","volume":"120","author":"Griffey","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.22124","article-title":"Critical Diagnostic and Cancer Stem Cell Markers in Neoplastic Cells from Canine Primary and Xenografted Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma","volume":"23","author":"Tangchang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5866","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-1145","article-title":"Identification of Recurrent Activating HER2 Mutations in Primary Canine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Lorch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80002-7","article-title":"14-3-3\u03c3 Is a P53-Regulated Inhibitor of G2\/M Progression","volume":"1","author":"Hermeking","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"326","article-title":"14-3-3\u03c3, the Double-Edged Sword of Human Cancers","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45201","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M106427200","article-title":"The G2\/M Regulator 14-3-3\u03c2 Prevents Apoptosis through Sequestration of Bax","volume":"276","author":"Samuel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.20904","article-title":"Hypomethylation of the 14-3-3\u03c3 Promoter Leads to Increased Expression in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"50","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes Chromosom. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20492","article-title":"Isoform-Specific Expression of 14-3-3 Proteins in Human Lung Cancer Tissues","volume":"113","author":"Qi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.12.015","article-title":"Expression of 14-3-3 \u03c3 Protein in Normal and Neoplastic Canine Mammary Gland","volume":"190","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985817738097","article-title":"14-3-3\u03c3 Protein Expression in Canine Renal Cell Carcinomas","volume":"55","author":"Stoll","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hardas, A., Su\u00e1rez-Bonnet, A., Beck, S., Becker, W.E., Ram\u00edrez, G.A., and Priestnall, S.L. (2021). Canine Gastric Carcinomas: A Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study and Similarities with the Human Counterpart. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051409"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.133.4.1710","article-title":"Cell Cycle Analysis of a Cell Proliferation-Associated Human Nuclear Antigen Defined by the Monoclonal Antibody Ki-67","volume":"133","author":"Gerdes","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879801000303","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Detection of Ki-67 and PCNA in Canine Mammary Tumors: Relationship to Clinical and Pathologic Variables","volume":"10","author":"Pena","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119181200.ch12","article-title":"Tumors of the Respiratory Tract","volume":"5","author":"Wilson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tumors Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985821999831","article-title":"Review of Histological Grading Systems in Veterinary Medicine","volume":"58","author":"Avallone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Petrie, A., and Watson, P. (2013). Statistics for Veterinary and Animal Science, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002864","article-title":"Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate Use and Interpretation","volume":"126","author":"Schober","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00300234","article-title":"Determination of Subcutaneous Tumor Size in Athymic (Nude) Mice","volume":"24","author":"Tomayko","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205303","article-title":"Frequent and Histological Type-Specific Inactivation of 14-3-3\u03c3 in Human Lung Cancers","volume":"21","author":"Osada","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RP107132","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.107132","article-title":"RBMX2 Links Mycobacterium Bovis Infection to Epithelial\u2013Mesenchymal Transition and Lung Cancer Progression","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Jiang, Y., Yang, Z., Xu, H., Khalid, A.K., Iftakhar, T., Peng, Y., Lu, L., Zhang, L., and Bermudez, L. (2024). Host Factor RBMX2 Promotes Epithelial Cell Apoptosis by Downregulating APAF-1\u2032s Retention Intron after Mycobacterium Bovis Infection. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1431207"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spitzer, A., Aupperle-Lellbach, H., Spitzer, M., Weidle, S., Aeschlimann, L., Schwinn, J., Klopfleisch, R., and De Brot, S. (2025). DAXX and ATRX Expression in Canine Prostate and Bladder Cancer Identified by Immunohistochemistry\u2014A Digital Quantitative Pilot Study. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202511.0880.v1"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/9\/926\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:13:39Z","timestamp":1789100019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/9\/926"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci13090926"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci13090926","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]}}}