{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:13:39Z","timestamp":1792790019035,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Recovery Fund","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"]}]},{"award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zza8h42","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","award":["2024-2.1.2-EK\u00d6P-2024-00018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-2.1.2-EK\u00d6P-2024-00018"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03vhmm238","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2024-2.1.2-EK\u00d6P-2024-00018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-2.1.2-EK\u00d6P-2024-00018"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03vhmm238","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet. Sci.","Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Internal biosecurity may be associated with antimicrobial use (AMU) in pig production, but observational associations, predictions and explanations of fitted models answer different questions. We analysed 1110 farm\u2013month\u2013age-group units from 18 Hungarian pig farms; an original post hoc restriction retained 939 units from 13 farms. The continuous endpoint was the natural logarithm of one plus a defined AMU index formed by summing substance-specific active ingredient mass-to-recorded-weight ratios. The study-specific biosecurity instrument was used for within-farm monitoring and was not externally validated. We retained a 2 \u00d7 2 matrix of unfiltered\/filtered and composite\/separate-variable models, with categorical animal-group separation, age-group adjustment and farm-cluster uncertainty. In the unfiltered separate-variable model, recorded separation code 2 versus code 0 was associated with a higher log AMU index (\u03b2 = 0.205; CR1-t 95% CI 0.013\u20130.397; p = 0.037), although the wild-cluster p-value was 0.116 and sensitivity estimates varied with adjustment. Code 3 binary contrasts were too sparse for precise effect quantification. Four ML families were evaluated using nested farm-grouped and leave-one-farm-out validation. For the inner-selected biosecurity-plus-age procedure, the unfiltered pooled R2 was \u22120.101 and \u22120.187, respectively. SHAP retained an exploratory role in explaining held-out tree model predictions. The results identify model-dependent observational patterns but do not establish a causal biosecurity effect or reliable prediction for new farms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13090971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:07:29Z","timestamp":1789574849000},"page":"971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Farm-Level Biosecurity and Antimicrobial Use in Pig Production: An Integrated Inferential and Explainable Machine Learning Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9358-1645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kriszti\u00e1n","family":"Vrib\u00e9k","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Food Science, Institute of Food Chain Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8355-4894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1t\u00e9","family":"Farkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Food Science, Institute of Food Chain Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, 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Animal and Food Sciences, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, 2 V\u00e1r Square, H-9200 Mosonmagyar\u00f3v\u00e1r, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7837-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1d\u00e1m","family":"Kerek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, H-1078 Budapest, 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