{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:14:57Z","timestamp":1792790097290,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad de Guadalajara","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043xj7k26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043xj7k26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SNI and SNCA Production Improvement Support Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet. Sci.","Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 variants (CPV-2a, CPV-2b, CPV-2c) have progressively expanded their host range to domestic cats (Felis catus), causing subclinical infection or panleukopenia-like disease. CPV-2c dominates among dogs in Western Mexico, but its presence in the local feline population had not been investigated. A cross-sectional survey was conducted (2018\u20132022) in 210 apparently healthy domestic cats from five municipalities of the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area, Jalisco, Mexico. Genomic DNA from EDTA-anticoagulated blood was screened by generic protoparvovirus PCR; positive samples were characterized by CPV-2-specific VP2 PCR and Sanger sequencing, with variant classification based on VP2 residue 426, and phylogenetic relationships assessed by maximum-likelihood analysis (T92+I model; 1000 bootstrap replicates). Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 DNA was detected in 14\/210 cats (6.7%); 13\/14 sequenced isolates were classified as CPV-2c (Glu426, &gt;99% nucleotide identity), clustering with regional canine strains and showing greatest affinity with Uruguayan isolates. In a Firth bias-reduced multivariable model adjusting for age and vaccination status, shared litter box use remained independently associated with detection (adjusted OR 18.03; 95% CI 3.30\u201398.58); the age association was attenuated after adjustment, suggesting incomplete vaccination, rather than age itself, as the more proximal risk factor. Free-roaming\/outdoor access and hunting behavior showed direct crude associations with detection (OR 3.82 and 7.22, respectively). These findings show that cats can harbor CPV-2c DNA in blood without clinical signs, phylogenetically linked to local canine strains, underscoring the need for integrated CPV-2 surveillance across companion species; however, whether infected cats can transmit the virus remains undetermined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13090977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T09:59:03Z","timestamp":1789639143000},"page":"977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Characterization of CPV-2c in Apparently Healthy Domestic Cats in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area, Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5321-1366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra Del Carmen Robles","family":"Gil-Bernal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan 45200, Jalisco, Mexico"},{"name":"Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias, Doctorado en Ecofisiolog\u00eda y Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, Universidad de Guadalajara,  Zapopan 45200, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7256-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darwin","family":"Elizondo-Quiroga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Biotecnolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica y Farmac\u00e9utica, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Asistencia en Tecnolog\u00eda y Dise\u00f1o del Estado de Jalisco, Asociacion Civil, Guadalajara 44270, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3498-4792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeannette","family":"Barba-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan 45200, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0991-9174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Lisette","family":"Charles-Ni\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ana Samatzin","family":"Leal-Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan 45200, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Gaona Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1654-3651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Pedroza-Rold\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan 45200, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(99)00084-X","article-title":"Host range relationships and the evolution of canine parvovirus","volume":"69","author":"Parrish","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. 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