{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T19:01:54Z","timestamp":1790103714422,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition of the INCMNSZ"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet. Sci.","Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Administrative labels such as \u201corganic\u201d or \u201cpasture-fed\u201d animal food products inadequately capture the biological complexity of dairy production systems and consequently fail to differentiate potentially meaningful associations with nutritional quality, environmental impact and consumers\u2019 health. We developed a functional classification framework based on three measurable traits: (1) botanical diversity, (2) concentrate dependence, and (3) input intensity, and applied it to six observational and\/or experimental studies from tropical Mexico (n = 109 farms across Yucat\u00e1n, Chiapas, and Colima federal states). Animal production systems were categorized as: (a) biodiverse grazing (silvopastoral, organic, or traditional grazing; &gt;15 plant species or 8\u201314 species with concentrate &lt; 25% dry matter intake and no synthetic inputs) or (b) conventional (monoculture\/indoor systems; &lt;5 plant species or 6\u201310 species with concentrate &gt;40% with a use of agrochemicals). Biodiverse grazing systems produced lower daily milk yields (6.1 vs. 7.7 L d\u22121; p &lt; 0.0001) but yielded milk with more favorable cardiovascular lipid indices: atherogenic index (AI: 1.6\u20132.2 vs. 1.9\u20132.5), thrombogenic index (TI: 2.3\u20132.7 vs. 2.3\u20133.1), and health promotion index (HPI: 0.46\u20130.67 vs. 0.40\u20130.54). Artisan cheese from biodiverse systems contained substantially higher concentrations of tocopherols (127 vs. 77 mg 100 g\u22121 DM) and monoterpenes (460\u2013475 vs. 111\u2013126 ng kg\u22121). An intensive silvopastoral system reduced enteric methane emissions by 18.2% (376 vs. 460 g d\u22121; p &lt; 0.05) and by 21.3% per unit dry matter intake (24.0 vs. 30.5 g kg\u22121 DMI; p &lt; 0.0001). Forage nutritional quality (crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber) varied by species and season, with these parameters influencing estimated methane emissions. In a C57BL\/6 murine model of high-fat diet-induced obesity, milk from biodiverse silvopastoral systems attenuated body weight gain (30.5 vs. 36.8 g; p &lt; 0.05), preserved glucose tolerance (AUC: 32,616 vs. 45,248), nearly eliminated hepatic macrovesicular steatosis, and promoted smaller adipocyte size (1863 vs. 3880 \u00b5m2; p &lt; 0.05) compared with conventional milk. These findings suggest that functional ecological traits provide a useful framework for evaluating dairy systems, with biodiverse grazing offering a potential convergence of environmental sustainability and preclinical health benefits. Nevertheless, external validation across diverse tropical regions and direct human intervention trials remain necessary to establish generalizability, and the associations identified should be considered hypothesis-generating rather than confirmatory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13090988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:56:41Z","timestamp":1790099801000},"page":"988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional Classification of Tropical Cattle Feeding Systems Reveals Consistent Associations with Dairy Lipid Quality, Enteric Methane Emissions, and Preclinical Metabolic Outcomes: A Multi-Study Narrative Synthesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6985-3763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Cuchillo-Hilario","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n Animal, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n (INCMNSZ), Tlalpan 14080, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores de Cuautitl\u00e1n, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54714, Estado de Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2419-6821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"D\u00edaz-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n Animal, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n (INCMNSZ), Tlalpan 14080, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Flores-Coello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Coyoac\u00e1n 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3506-754X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Delgadillo-Puga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n Animal, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n (INCMNSZ), Tlalpan 14080, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3506-1201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Nahed-Toral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), San Crist\u00f3bal de Las Casas 29290, Chiapas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073408","article-title":"Nutritional regulation of milk fat synthesis","volume":"23","author":"Bauman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. 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