{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:13:37Z","timestamp":1792790017319,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Innovation Team Development Funds for Sichuan Mutton Goat & Sheep","award":["SCCXTD-2024-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCCXTD-2024-14"]}]},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Innovation Team for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Research in Southwest Minzu University","award":["2024CXTD08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CXTD08"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04gaexw88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2024CXTD08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CXTD08"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04gaexw88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Southwest Minzu University","award":["ZYN2024191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYN2024191"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04gaexw88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["ZYN2024191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYN2024191"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04gaexw88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet. Sci.","Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Caprine kobuvirus (CKoV) is a member of the Picornaviridae family that causes enteritis in goats and poses a significant health threat, yet its molecular pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Here, we show that experimental infection of goats with CKoV induces apoptosis in the spleen, lungs, and intestine tissues. In vitro, CKoV infection of HEK293T cells triggers apoptosis, with the viral structural protein VP1 identified as sufficient to induce apoptosis. VP1 activates the mitochondrial (intrinsic) apoptotic pathway, as evidenced by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, elevated Bax\/Bcl-2 ratio, cytochrome c release, and Bax translocation to mitochondria. Notably, VP1 associates with the pro-apoptotic protein BAD (BCL2-associated agonist of cell death) and co-localizes with it in mitochondria. Overexpression of BAD enhances VP1-induced apoptosis, whereas BAD knockdown by siRNA suppresses it, demonstrating that BAD plays a contributory role in VP1-induced apoptosis. These findings uncover a novel VP1\u2013BAD mitochondrial apoptosis axis in CKoV pathogenesis and suggest that VP1 may merit further investigation as a potential molecular target for antiviral intervention against CKoV-associated enteritis in goats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13090993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:56:41Z","timestamp":1790099801000},"page":"993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Caprine Kobuvirus VP1 Protein Activates the Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathway via Interaction with BAD"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1070-5543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kehamo","family":"Abi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine of Universities in Sichuan, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhizhong","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine of Universities in Sichuan, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine of Universities in Sichuan, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Kegu","family":"Ji\u2019e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine of Universities in Sichuan, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine of Universities in Sichuan, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Falong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine of Universities in Sichuan, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.5808\/GI.2018.16.4.e22","article-title":"Genome-Based Virus Taxonomy with the ICTV Database Extension","volume":"16","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genom. 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