{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:13:38Z","timestamp":1792790018947,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]],"date-time":"2018-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Crucell Holland B.V. \u2013 Commonwealth Veterinary Association (CVA)","award":["Unnumbered"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Unnumbered"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate and early diagnosis of animal rabies is critical for undertaking public health measures. Whereas the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) technique is the recommended test, the more convenient, direct rapid immunochemistry test (dRIT), as well as the more sensitive, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), have recently been employed for the laboratory diagnosis of rabies. We compared the three methods on brain samples from domestic (dog, cat, cattle, buffalo, horse, pig and goat) and wild (leopard, wolf and jackal) animals from various parts of India. Of the 257 samples tested, 167 were positive by all the three tests; in addition, 35 of the 36 decomposed samples were positive by RT-PCR. This is the first study in which such large number of animal samples have been subjected to the three tests simultaneously. The results confirm 100% corroboration between DFA and dRIT, buttress the applicability of dRIT in the simple and rapid diagnosis of rabies in animals, and reaffirm the suitability of RT-PCR for samples unfit for testing either by DFA or dRIT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci5010024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]],"date-time":"2018-02-28T12:54:12Z","timestamp":1519822452000},"page":"24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Application and Comparative Evaluation of Fluorescent Antibody, Immunohistochemistry and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Tests for the Detection of Rabies Virus Antigen or Nucleic Acid in Brain Samples of Animals Suspected of Rabies in India"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Prabhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Commonwealth Veterinary Association\u2014Crucell Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College\u2014Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College\u2014Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shrikrishna","family":"Isloor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commonwealth Veterinary Association\u2014Crucell Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College\u2014Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College\u2014Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Veeresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College\u2014Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doddamane","family":"Rathnamma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College\u2014Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Sharada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College\u2014Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lekshmi","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College\u2014Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.L.","family":"Satyanarayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Veterinary College\u2014Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagendra","family":"Hegde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500049, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sira","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commonwealth Veterinary Association, Jayanagar, Bengaluru 560011, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2017, December 13). Take a Bite of Rabies, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/features\/rabies\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"The control of rabies in Eurasia: Overview, history and background","volume":"131","author":"Blancou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-45.4.1121","article-title":"Rabies in northeastern Europe\u2014The threat from invasive raccoon dogs","volume":"45","author":"Singer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.9.2.166","article-title":"New aspects of rabies with emphasis on epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention of the disease in the United States","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dacheux, L., Wacharapluesadee, S., Hemachudha, T., Meslin, F.X., Buchy, P., Reynes, J.M., and Bourhy, H. (2010). More accurate insight into the incidence of human rabies in developing countries through validated laboratory techniques. PLoS NTD, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000765"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.03.016","article-title":"Laboratory diagnostics in dog-mediated rabies: An overview of performance and a proposed strategy for various settings","volume":"46","author":"Duong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1586\/erm.09.85","article-title":"Ante- and post-mortem diagnosis of rabies using nucleic acid amplification tests","volume":"10","author":"Wacharapluesadee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2004.09.018","article-title":"Clinical laboratory advances in the detection of rabies virus","volume":"351","author":"Woldehiwet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2013). WHO expert consultation on rabies. Second Report. World Health Organ. Tech. Rep. Ser., 931, 1\u2013139."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Dean, D.J., Abelseth, M.K., and Atanasiu, P. (1996). The Fluorescent Antibody Test, World Health Organization. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durr, S., Naissengar, S., Mindekem, R., Diguimbye, C., Niezgoda, M., Kuzmin, I., Rupprecht, C.E., and Zinsstag, J. (2008). Rabies diagnosis for developing countries. PLoS NTD, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000206"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1202.050812","article-title":"Evaluation of a direct, rapid immunohistochemical test for rabies diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Lembo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"11","article-title":"Application of N-protein monoclonal antibody based direct fluorescent antibody assay (DFAT) and direct rapid immunohistochemistry test (dRIT) for detection of rabies virus in brain samples of animals in India","volume":"30","author":"Prabhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Commonwealth Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00041-X","article-title":"Rabies virus detection by RT-PCR in decomposed naturally infected brains","volume":"87","author":"David","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.11.015","article-title":"Development of a hemi-nested RT-PCR method for the specific determination of European Bat Lyssavirus 1. Comparison with other rabies diagnostic methods","volume":"22","author":"Bruyere","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2018, January 12). Protocol for Postmortem Diagnosis of Rabies in Animals by Direct Fluorescent Antibody Testing, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/rabies\/pdf\/rabiesdfaspv2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Niezgoda, M., and Rupprecht, C.E. (2006). Standard Operating Procedure for the Direct Rapid Immuohistochemistry Test for the Detection of Rabies Virus Antigen."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Chandrashekara, N., Rathnamma, D., Veeresh, B.H., Yathiraj, S., Satyanarayana, M.L., and Veeregowda, B.M. (2012, January 6\u20138). Application of Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for Diagnosis of Rabies in Animals and Its Comparative Evaluation with Direct Fluorescence Antibody Test (DFAT) and Direct Immunoihistochemistry Test (dRIT). Proceedings of the Association for the Prevenstion of and Control of Rabies in India Conference, Kolkata, India."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.11.2762-2766.1997","article-title":"Heminested PCR assay for detection of six genotypes of rabies and rabies-related viruses","volume":"35","author":"Heaton","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clim. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.42864","article-title":"Assessing the burden of rabies in India: WHO sponsored national multi-centric rabies survey, 2003","volume":"30","author":"Sudarshan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J. Community Med."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"360","article-title":"Re-evaluating the burden or rabies in African and Asia","volume":"83","author":"Knobel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.071488","article-title":"Rabies in India","volume":"178","author":"Menezes","year":"2008","journal-title":"CMAJ J."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Bhatia, R., Ichhpujani, R.L., Madhusudana, S.N., and Hemachuda, T. (2004). Rabies in South and Southeast Asia. Program and Abstracts of the WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.i4687","article-title":"Supporting rabies control in India","volume":"179","author":"Mansfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (2013). Rabies. OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines, World Organization for Animal Health OIE."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clavijo, A., Freire de Carvalho, M.H., Orciari, L.A., Velasco-Villa, A., Ellison, J.A., Greenberg, L., Yager, P.A., Green, D.B., Vigilato, M.A., and Cosivi, O. (2017). An inter-laboratory proficiency testing exercise for rabies diagnosis in Latin America and the Caribbean. PLoS NTD, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005427"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"7","article-title":"European interlaboratory F.A.T. comparison test 2001","volume":"27","author":"Barrat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rabies Bull. Eur."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2013.03.027","article-title":"Comparative assay of fluorescent antibody test results among twelve European national reference laboratories using various anti-rabies conjugates","volume":"191","author":"Robardet","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2011.06.004","article-title":"International interlaboratory trials on rabies diagnosis: An overview of results and variation in reference diagnosis techniques (fluorescent antibody test, rabies tissue culture infection test, mouse inoculation test) and molecular biology techniques","volume":"177","author":"Robardet","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2016.04.005","article-title":"Rabies direct fluorescent antibody test does not inactivate rabies or eastern equine encephalitis viruses","volume":"234","author":"Jarvis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2017.02.002","article-title":"Inactivation of rabies virus","volume":"243","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.138.5.114","article-title":"Use of a single anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibody to detect rabies antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues","volume":"138","author":"Hamir","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810370013","article-title":"Immunohistochemical study of rabies virus within the central nervous system of domestic and wildlife species","volume":"47","author":"Stein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-012-3265-6","article-title":"Evaluation of a direct rapid immunohistochemical test (dRIT) for rapid diagnosis of rabies in animals and humans","volume":"27","author":"Madhusudana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2011.01255.x","article-title":"Pathological, immunological and molecular diagnosis of rabies in clinically suspected animals of different species using four detection techniques in Jordan","volume":"59","author":"Faizee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879400600203","article-title":"Immunoperoxidase test for rabies: Utility as a diagnostic test","volume":"6","author":"Hamir","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"45","article-title":"Restudy on effect of various physical and chemical factors on infectivity of a rabies virus isolate","volume":"24","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coetzer, A., Sabeta, C.T., Markotter, W., Rupprecht, C.E., and Nel, L.H. (2014). Comparison of biotinylated monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in an evaluation of a direct rapid immunohistochemical test for the routine diagnosis of rabies in southern Africa. PLoS NTD, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003189"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahmadane, I., Certoma, A.F., Peck, G.R., Fitria, Y., Payne, J., Colling, A., Shiell, B.J., Beddome, G., Wilson, S., and Yu, M. (2017). Development and validation of an immunoperoxidase antigen detection test for improved diagnosis of rabies in Indonesia. PLoS NTD, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006079"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-012-0109-9","article-title":"Evaluation of RT-PCR assay for routine laboratory diagnosis of rabies in post-mortem brain samples from different species of animals","volume":"23","author":"Aravindhbabu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(97)00143-2","article-title":"Rapid detection of rabies and rabies-related viruses by rt-pcr and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"69","author":"Whitby","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268805005017","article-title":"Wildlife rabies in western turkey: The spread of rabies through the western provinces of turkey","volume":"134","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.4136","article-title":"Diagnosis and molecular typing of rabies virus in samples stored in inadequate conditions","volume":"8","author":"Beltran","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2007.298","article-title":"Usefulness of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for detection of rabies in archival samples","volume":"60","author":"Biswal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.4.1117-1121.1998","article-title":"Intravitam diagnosis of human rabies by PCR using saliva and cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"36","author":"Crepin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2009.11.017","article-title":"Comparison between RT-PCR and the mouse inoculation test for detection of rabies virus in samples kept for long periods under different conditions","volume":"164","author":"Lopes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1205.051425","article-title":"Postmortem confirmation of human rabies source","volume":"12","author":"Oliveira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870601800115","article-title":"Use of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to determine the stability of rabies virus genome in brains kept at room temperature","volume":"18","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702006000500008","article-title":"Diagnosis of human rabies cases by polymerase chain reaction of neck-skin samples","volume":"10","author":"Macedo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1412.080944","article-title":"Reexamination of human rabies case with long incubation, Australia","volume":"14","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2014.06.024","article-title":"Effects of carcase decomposition on rabies virus infectivity and detection","volume":"207","author":"McElhinney","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2012.13.1.43","article-title":"Comparison of four diagnostic methods for detecting rabies viruses circulating in Korea","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1993.tb03282.x","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction and other laboratory techniques in the diagnosis of long incubation rabies in Australia","volume":"70","author":"McColl","year":"1993","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0332","article-title":"Evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based rapid immunochromatographic test for direct detection of rabies virus in the brain of humans and animals","volume":"86","author":"Ahmed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2007.05.005","article-title":"Evaluation of a rapid immunodiagnostic test kit for rabies virus","volume":"145","author":"Kang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lechenne, M., Naissengar, K., Lepelletier, A., Alfaroukh, I.O., Bourhy, H., Zinsstag, J., and Dacheux, L. (2016). Validation of a rapid rabies diagnostic tool for field surveillance in developing countries. PLoS NTD, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005010"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v76i2.50","article-title":"Evaluation of a rapid immunodiagnostic test kit for detection of African lyssaviruses from brain material","volume":"76","author":"Markotter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2008.00031.x","article-title":"A simple and rapid immunochromatographic test kit for rabies diagnosis","volume":"52","author":"Nishizono","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2011.12.011","article-title":"Evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic diagnostic test for the detection of rabies from brain material of European mammals","volume":"40","author":"Servat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Voehl, K.M., and Saturday, G.A. (2014). Evaluation of a rapid immunodiagnostic rabies field surveillance test on samples collected from military operations in Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. U.S. Army Med. Dept. J., 27\u201332."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eggerbauer, E., de Benedictis, P., Hoffmann, B., Mettenleiter, T.C., Schlottau, K., Ngoepe, E.C., Sabeta, C.T., Freuling, C.M., and Muller, T. (2016). Evaluation of six commercially available rapid immunochromatographic tests for the diagnosis of rabies in brain material. PLoS NTD, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004776"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2009.187","article-title":"Rapid detection of rabies virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification","volume":"62","author":"Boldbaatar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.09.010","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for diagnosis of infection with rabies virus in Zambia","volume":"163","author":"Muleya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.04.008","article-title":"A method for simultaneous detection and identification of Brazilian dog- and vampire bat-related rabies virus by reverse transctiption loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay","volume":"168","author":"Saitou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fooks, A.R., Johnson, N., Freuling, C.M., Wakeley, P.R., Banyard, A.C., McElhinney, L.M., Marston, D.A., Dastjerdi, A., Wright, E., and Weiss, R.A. (2009). Emerging technologies for the detection of rabies virus: Challenges and hopes in the 21st century. PLoS NTD, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000530"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/5\/1\/24\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:57:00Z","timestamp":1760194620000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/5\/1\/24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci5010024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci5010024","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]]}}}