{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T04:23:43Z","timestamp":1771647823147,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,11]],"date-time":"2018-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite frequent reports of subfertility and abortion in dairy cattle in Trinidad and Tobago (T&amp;T), little is known about the potential infectious and non-infectious causes. This study set out to investigate possible infectious causes of reproductive problems by measuring the seroprevalence of four of the most significant reproductive pathogens in dairy cattle worldwide: Brucella abortus (B. abortus); Neospora caninum (N. caninum), Bovine Viral Diarrhoea virus (BVDV), and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV). These four reproductive pathogens have been suspected to be present in dairy cattle in T&amp;T for some time but, previously, studies have not been carried out to confirm their presence. Bulk milk samples were collected from 92 dairy farms across Trinidad, representing a total of 1177 dairy cattle. Four dairy farms were selected for individual milk sampling to assess in-farm seroprevalence levels. Milk samples were tested for antibodies to the four pathogens by commercial ELISA kits. The overall farm seroprevalence was 62% for N. caninium and 23% for IBRV, and no antibodies were detected in any of the bulk milk samples for B. abortus or BVDV. Mixed infections for IBRV and N. caninum were common. Seroprevalence levels were between 8% and 65% for N. caninum and between 3% and 53% IBRV on the four individual farms. These results reveal the presence of IBRV and N. caninum for the first time on the island of Trinidad and importantly reveal no evidence for the circulation of BVDV or B. abortus in dairy cattle in Trinidad.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci5020051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,14]],"date-time":"2018-05-14T02:57:20Z","timestamp":1526266640000},"page":"51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Serosurvey for Infectious Agents Associated with Subfertility and Abortion in Dairy Cattle in Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7420-4856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Morris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies (St. Augustine), Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3155-1860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie","family":"Sookhoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies (St. Augustine), Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lemar","family":"Blake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies (St. Augustine), Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4146-3920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianne","family":"Brown Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies (St. Augustine), Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justine","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies (St. Augustine), Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheliza","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies (St. Augustine), Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gervaise","family":"Sarjusingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies (St. Augustine), Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janelle","family":"St. Aime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies (St. Augustine), Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward H.","family":"Amoroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nestl\u00e9, Churchill Roosevelt Highway, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher A. L.","family":"Oura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies (St. Augustine), Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.2000.00349.x","article-title":"Study on risk factors and their association with subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows in Trinidad","volume":"47","author":"Romain","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. B Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Mohammed, A., Diptee, M., Persad, A., Mohammed, R., Lambie, N., and Sieuchand, S. (2017). A status report on the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus, 1758) industry in Trinidad. Trop. 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