{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:53:11Z","timestamp":1788263591539,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The problem of emerging resistant microorganisms such as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) associated to livestock is closely linked to improper use of antimicrobial agents. The aim of this study is to find out the prevalence and characteristics of these strains, as well as their evolution in healthy pigs on the Island of Tenerife, Spain. Between October 2009 and December 2010, 300 pigs from 15 wean-to-finishing farms were screened. Between 1 September 2017 and 31 March 2018, a new sampling was performed collecting 125 nasal swabs from pigs belonging to the same farms and under the same conditions as the previous study. MRSA antibiotic resistant patterns were studied. Results: Prevalence of MRSA isolates was 89.6%. All isolates belonged to Sequence Type 398 (ST398), a livestock related strain. All strains studied were resistant to beta-lactamic non-carbapenemic antibiotics and sensitive to teicoplanin, linezolid, vancomycin, rifampicin, quinupristin-dalfospristin, and mupirocine. Between 2009\/2010\u20132017\/2018 a significant increase in resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin, trimethoprim-sulfomethoxazole, clindamycin, Fosfomycin, and tigecycline antibiotics was observed in isolated MRSA strains compared to the previous period. We consider a major control and surveillance program of antibiotic use in veterinary care is needed in order to reduce the presence of MRSA strains in livestock and control this significant multi-resistance increase.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci6020038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T11:31:57Z","timestamp":1554377517000},"page":"38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Increased Antimicrobial Resistance of MRSA Strains Isolated from Pigs in Spain between 2009 and 2018"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Rossana","family":"Abreu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. Universidad de La Laguna. Campus de Ofra S\/N., 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology and Infection Control Service of the University Hospital of the Canary Islands (HUC), 38004 Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristobalina","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. Universidad de La Laguna. Campus de Ofra S\/N., 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7388-4842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Lecuona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Infection Control Service of the University Hospital of the Canary Islands (HUC), 38004 Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Infection Control Service of the University Hospital of the Canary Islands (HUC), 38004 Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canary Islands Health Service, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38004 Canary Islands, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Aguirre-Jaime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Care Research, Nurses\u2019 Association, 38001 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3015-4452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngeles","family":"Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. Universidad de La Laguna. Campus de Ofra S\/N., 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2018, March 22). Guidelines on Use of Medically Important Antimicrobials in Food-Producing Animals, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK487966\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2005.10.003","article-title":"Quantification and evaluation of antimicrobial drug use in group treatments for fattening pigs in Belgium","volume":"74","author":"Timmerman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.01.027","article-title":"High prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in swines","volume":"122","author":"Spalburg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. 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