{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:38:48Z","timestamp":1760240328667,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]],"date-time":"2019-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Botulism, a severe neuroparalytic disease that can affect humans, all warm-blooded animals, and some fishes, is caused by exotoxins produced by ubiquitous, obligate anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria belonging to the genus Clostridium and named botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)-producing clostridia. This report presents the case of a 3-year-old donkey mare referred for progressive and worsening dysphagia of four days\u2019 duration. Her voluntary effort in eating and drinking was conserved, and she was able to slow chew without swallowing. A complete neurological examination was performed, and botulism was strongly suspected. The ability to swallow feed and water returned on the tenth day of hospitalization and improved progressively. The jenny was discharged from the hospital after fifteen days. During the hospitalization, the Italian National Reference Centre for Botulism confirmed the diagnosis: mare\u2019s feces were positive for BoNT\/B and Clostridium botulinum type B.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci6020043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]],"date-time":"2019-05-15T11:37:40Z","timestamp":1557920260000},"page":"43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The First Case of Botulism in a Donkey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9828-4317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliai","family":"Lanci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Rinnovati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3273-9638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Anniballi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Centre for Botulism (NRCB), Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Auricchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Centre for Botulism (NRCB), Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Concetta","family":"Scalfaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Centre for Botulism (NRCB), Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marika","family":"Menchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Spadari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4881-3898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jole","family":"Mariella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30259-6","article-title":"Botulism","volume":"13","author":"Whitlock","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. 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