{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:47:04Z","timestamp":1790812024674,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cattle are susceptible to infection with multiple serovars of pathogenic leptospires, resulting in abortion, stillbirth, premature birth, reproductive failure and milk drop syndrome. Cattle also act as a reservoir host for L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo which is excreted from renal tubules via urine into the environment where it persists in suitable moist conditions. Our previous work demonstrated that 7% of urine samples from beef cattle were positive for L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo by culture and\/or the fluorescent antibody test (FAT). In this study, a real-time PCR (rtPCR) assay was applied to determine the relative performance of rtPCR based detection of L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo compared to previously reported culture and FAT techniques. Of 42 bovine urine samples positive for leptospires by culture and\/or FAT, 60% (25\/42) were positive by rtPCR. Of 22 culture-positive samples, 91% (20\/22) were rtPCR-positive. Of 32 FAT-positive samples, 50% (16\/32) were rtPCR-positive. For 10 samples that were culture-positive but FAT-negative, 90% (9\/10) were rtPCR-positive. For 20 samples that were FAT-positive but culture-negative, 25% (5\/20) were rtPCR-positive. Collectively, these results indicate that no single assay is optimal, and the use of more than one assay to detect leptospires in urine from naturally infected cattle is recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7020066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T10:53:59Z","timestamp":1589540039000},"page":"66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Comparison of Real-Time PCR, Bacteriologic Culture and Fluorescent Antibody Test for the Detection of Leptospira borgpetersenii in Urine of Naturally Infected Cattle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9478-1316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jarlath E.","family":"Nally","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center-ARS-USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6169-5323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed A. A.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7510-5710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellie J.","family":"Putz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center-ARS-USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra E.","family":"Palmquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwest Area Statistics Unit, ARS-USDA, 1815 North University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marga G. A.","family":"Goris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00830-2","article-title":"Leptospirosis: A zoonotic disease of global importance","volume":"3","author":"Bharti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Faine, S., Adler, B., Bolin, C., and Perolat, P. (1999). Leptospira and Leptospirosis, MediSci. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torgerson, P.R., Hagan, J.E., Costa, F., Calcagno, J., Kane, M., Martinez-Silveira, M.S., Goris, M.G., Stein, C., Ko, A.I., and Abela-Ridder, B. (2015). 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Available online: https:\/\/www.oie.int\/standard-setting\/terrestrial-manual\/access-online\/."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/7\/2\/66\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:29:02Z","timestamp":1760174942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/7\/2\/66"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci7020066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci7020066","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]}}}