{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:17:49Z","timestamp":1760239069122,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A 2-year-old female Mongrel dog weighing 3.12 kg presented with a 2-month history of progressive exophthalmos of the left eye and periorbital swelling. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of the affected tissue revealed atypical cells of suspected malignant mesenchymal tumor origin. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed an ill-demarcated soft tissue mass in the left retrobulbar space extending into the nasal cavity and into the frontal lobes of the brain with destruction of the adjacent cribriform plate and the basisphenoid bone. Histopathological features of the tumor were consistent with the diagnosis of undifferentiated sarcoma. The tumor cells were immunoreactive for vimentin, smooth muscle actin, and desmin and negative for S100. These findings were mostly consistent with leiomyosarcoma arising from the smooth muscle on the retrobulbar tissues. Primary retrobulbar leiomyosarcoma is an extremely rare tumor in dogs. To expand our knowledge of retrobulbar leiomyosarcoma in dogs, we have described its clinical, diagnostic imaging, histopathological, and immunohistochemical characteristics in a dog.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7040145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T22:24:42Z","timestamp":1601245482000},"page":"145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Primary Retrobulbar Leiomyosarcoma in a Dog: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9961-6451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joong-Hyun","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Do-Hyeon","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5116-6006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-In","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2001.00123.x","article-title":"Retrobulbar tumors in dogs and cats: 25 cases","volume":"4","author":"Jegou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1992.201.07.1077","article-title":"Leiomyosarcoma in dogs: 44 cases (1983\u20131988)","volume":"201","author":"Kapatkin","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1996.tb01445.x","article-title":"Total and partial orbitectomy for the treatment of periorbital tumors in 24 dogs and 6 cats: A retrospective study","volume":"25","author":"Withrow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(75)90333-5","article-title":"Leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma of the orbit","volume":"80","author":"Jakobiec","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.110394","article-title":"Primary adrenal leiomyosarcoma: A case report with immunohistochemical study and review of literature","volume":"9","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"299","article-title":"Value of S-100 protein in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors with particular reference to benign and malignant Schwann cell tumors","volume":"49","author":"Weiss","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lab Investig."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.103.6.2787","article-title":"A monoclonal antibody against alpha-smooth muscle actin: A new probe for smooth muscle differentiation","volume":"103","author":"Skalli","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12270","article-title":"Canine orbital rhabdomyosarcoma: A report of 18 cases","volume":"19","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S159641","article-title":"A review of soft-tissue sarcomas: Translation of biological advances into treatment measures","volume":"10","author":"Hoang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2008.00407.x","article-title":"TP53 gene mutations in canine osteosarcoma","volume":"37","author":"Kirpensteijn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.17-0197","article-title":"A 2-base insertion in exon 5 is a common mutation of the TP53 gene in dogs with histiocytic sarcoma","volume":"79","author":"Asada","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/7\/4\/145\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:14:16Z","timestamp":1760177656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/7\/4\/145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci7040145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci7040145","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2306-7381"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]]}}}