{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T07:58:45Z","timestamp":1792569525019,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]],"date-time":"2020-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carprofen (CP), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is profusely used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Some undesirable effects are associated with its systemic administration. Alternative local routes are especially useful to facilitate its administration in animals. The main aim of this paper is to validate the suitability of ex vivo permeation experiments of CP with porcine mucous membranes (buccal, sublingual and vaginal) and ophthalmic tissues (cornea, sclera and conjunctiva) intended to be representative of na\u00efve in vivo conditions. Chromatographic analysis of CP in membrane-permeated samples and drug-retained have been validated following standard bioanalytical guidelines. Then, recovery levels of drugs in tissue samples were assessed with aqueous phosphate buffered saline (PBS) buffer to preserve the histological integrity. Finally, as a proof of concept, a series of CP permeation tests in vertical Franz diffusion cells has been performed to evaluate permeation flux and permeability constants in all tissues, followed by a histological study for critical evaluation. Furthermore, synthetic tissue retention-like samples were prepared to verify the value of this experimental study. Results show linear relationships with good determination coefficient (R2 &gt; 0.998 and R2 &gt; 0.999) in the range of 0.78 to 6.25 mg\/mL and 3.125 mg\/mL to 100 mg\/mL, respectively. Low limits of quantification around 0.40 \u00b5g\/mL were allowed to follow permeation levels until a minimum of 0.40% of the locally-applied dose. This method showed a good accuracy and precision with values lower than 2%. After the recovery technique, reproducible values below 30% were achieved in all tissues, suggesting it is a non-damaging method with low efficiency that requires the use of further solvents to enhance the extraction percentages. After permeation and histology tests, no relevant peak interferences were detected, and no cell or tissue damage was found in any tissue. In conclusion, results demonstrate the suitability of this test to quantify the distribution of CP with good histological tolerability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7040152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]],"date-time":"2020-10-13T22:02:02Z","timestamp":1602626522000},"page":"152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Carprofen Permeation Test through Porcine Ex Vivo Mucous Membranes and Ophthalmic Tissues for Tolerability Assessments: Validation and Histological Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2635-554X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"G\u00f3mez-Segura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnic, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, RX22+57 Bogota, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4989-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C.","family":"Calpena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Gimeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Research, Animal House of Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, CCiT-UB, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0849-0492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Boix-Monta\u00f1es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12866","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)98774-0","article-title":"TIS10, a phorbol ester tumor promoter inducible mRNA from Swiss 3T3 cells, encodes a novel prostaglandin synthase\/cyclooxygenase homologue","volume":"266","author":"Kujubu","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. 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