{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T22:15:35Z","timestamp":1785449735377,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile Virus (WNV) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease maintained in a sylvatic cycle involving mosquito vectors and birds. To detect WNV and other flavivirus infections in wild resident and migratory birds, we tested 184 samples from 19 identified species within nine families collected during 2012\u20132016 from four districts in Bangladesh. We tested serum samples for the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody against WNV using competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA), whereas tracheal and cloacal swabs were subjected to consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction (c-PCR) for the detection of the flavivirus RNA. Overall, we detected 11.9% (n = 22; 95% CI: 0.07\u20130.16) samples were seropositive, including 15.9% in the migratory wild birds and 10.7% in the resident wild birds. The migratory wild Tufted duck showed 28.5% seropositivity, whereas the resident wild house crows showed 12.5% seropositivity. None of the swab samples was positive for flavivirus RNA infection (0%, n = 184; 95% CI: 0\u20130.019). These study findings recommend continued surveillance for early detection and to better understand the epidemiology of WNV and other flavivirus circulation in both birds and mosquitoes in Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7040164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T11:43:06Z","timestamp":1603885386000},"page":"164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Serological Evidence of West Nile Virus in Wild Birds in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9210-3351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariful","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Campus, VIC 3216, Australia"},{"name":"EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2023, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1986-4960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shariful","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2023, USA"},{"name":"Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1241, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5511-1857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Enayet","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6071-4692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinnat","family":"Ferdous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2023, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefina","family":"Abedin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2023, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ziaur Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7761-9846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Kaisar","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2023, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Ahasanul","family":"Hoque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6495-4637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Mahmudul","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.31.3.2167","article-title":"West Nile virus epidemiology and factors triggering change in its distribution in Europe","volume":"31","author":"Pradier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. 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