{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:08:57Z","timestamp":1790413737678,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dog and cat rabies cases imported from rabies enzootic countries represent a major threat for areas that have acquired rabies-free status and quantitative risk analyses (QRAs) are developed in order to assess this risk of rabies reintroduction through dog and cat movements. Herein we describe a framework to evaluate dog and cat rabies incidence levels in exporting countries along with the associated uncertainty for such QRAs. For enzootic dog rabies areas (EDRAs), we extended and adapted a previously published method to specify the relationship between dog rabies vaccination coverage and canine rabies incidence; the relationship between dog and cat rabies incidences; and then to predict annual dog and cat rabies incidences. In non-enzootic dog rabies areas (nEDRAs), we provided annual incidence based on declared dog and cat rabies cases. For EDRAs, we predicted an annual incidence potentially greater than 1.5% in dogs and about ten times lower in cats with a high burden in Africa and Asia but much lower in Latin America. In nEDRAs, the occurrence of rabies was lower and of similar magnitude in dogs and cats. However, wildlife could still potentially infect dogs and cats through spillover events. This framework can directly be incorporated in QRAs of rabies reintroduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7040207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T11:42:09Z","timestamp":1608291729000},"page":"207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluation of the Worldwide Occurrence of Rabies in Dogs and Cats Using a Simple and Homogenous Framework for Quantitative Risk Assessments of Rabies Reintroduction in Disease-Free Areas through Pet Movements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5948-4914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Crozet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USC EPIMAI, ANSES, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5857-6665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Rivi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USC EPIMAI, ANSES, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Canini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, University Paris-Est, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Cliquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, F-54220 Malz\u00e9ville, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0214-4716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Robardet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, F-54220 Malz\u00e9ville, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Dufour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USC EPIMAI, ANSES, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hampson, K., Coudeville, L., Lembo, T., Sambo, M., Kieffer, A., Attlan, M., Barrat, J., Blanton, J.D., Briggs, D.J., and Cleaveland, S. (2015). Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003786"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2207.151733","article-title":"Travel-Associated Rabies in Pets and Residual Rabies Risk, Western Europe","volume":"22","author":"Cliquet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.02.004","article-title":"Impact of Dog Transport on High-Risk Infectious Diseases","volume":"49","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.02.003","article-title":"Dog Transport and Infectious Disease Risk: An International Perspective","volume":"49","author":"Polak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.02.002","article-title":"The Dynamic Nature of Canine and Feline Infectious Disease Risks in the Twenty-first Century","volume":"49","author":"Stull","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2019.f325","article-title":"Risk assessment on rabies entry through hunting dog movement with semi-quantitative approach to Sumatera Island, Indonesia","volume":"6","author":"Amanatin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.06.011","article-title":"Risk assessment of the entry of canine-rabies into Papua New Guinea via sea and land routes","volume":"145","author":"Brookes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1769","article-title":"A quantitative release assessment for the noncommercial movement of companion animals: Risk of rabies reintroduction to the United Kingdom","volume":"32","author":"Goddard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Risk Anal. Off. Publ. Soc. Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"177","article-title":"Risk of rabies introduction by non-commercial movement of pets","volume":"131","author":"Have","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00141","article-title":"Assessing the Risk of a Canine Rabies Incursion in Northern Australia","volume":"4","author":"Hudson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"533","article-title":"Quantitative risk assessment of rabies entering Great Britain from North America via cats and dogs","volume":"25","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Risk Anal. Off. Publ. Soc. Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809002003","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the risk of rabies entering Japan through the importation of dogs and cats from the USA","volume":"137","author":"Kamakawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816002995","article-title":"Quantitative risk assessment of the introduction of rabies into Japan through the importation of dogs and cats worldwide","volume":"145","author":"Kwan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.04.015","article-title":"Quantitative risk assessment of the introduction of rabies into Japan through the illegal landing of dogs from Russian fishing boats in the ports of Hokkaido, Japan","volume":"128","author":"Kwan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810000415","article-title":"Quantitative risk assessment model of canine rabies introduction: Application to the risk to the European Union from Morocco","volume":"138","author":"Napp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809991221","article-title":"Quantitative risk assessment to compare the risk of rabies entering the UK from Turkey via quarantine, the Pet Travel Scheme and the EU Pet Movement Policy","volume":"138","author":"Ramnial","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2009059","article-title":"A quantitative risk assessment model to evaluate effective border control measures for rabies prevention","volume":"41","author":"Weng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Thrusfield, M. (2018). Veterinary Epidemiology, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Vose, D. (2008). Risk Analysis: A Quantitative Guide, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Great Britain Advisory Group on Quarantine (1998). Quarantine and Rabies: A Reappraisal: Report by the Advisory Group on Quarantine to the Right Honourable Nick Brown MP, Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food: Summary of recommendations, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1904.120185","article-title":"Discrepancies in data reporting for rabies, Africa","volume":"19","author":"Nel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(99)00114-2","article-title":"Community-based active surveillance for rabies in Machakos District, Kenya","volume":"44","author":"Kitala","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"487","article-title":"Presence of urban rabies in Zulia State, Venezuela. Years 1996\u20132006","volume":"49","author":"Fuentes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Investig. Clin."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2008.01468.x","article-title":"Exploring reservoir dynamics: A case study of rabies in the Serengeti ecosystem","volume":"45","author":"Lembo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2011.01393.x","article-title":"Patterns of rabies occurrence in Bhutan between 1996 and 2009","volume":"58","author":"Tenzin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2013). Rabies confirmed in an imported kitten in France. Vet. Rec., 173, 435.","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.f6683"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cleaveland, S., and Hampson, K. (2017). Rabies elimination research: Juxtaposing optimism, pragmatism and realism. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 284.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.1880"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"421","article-title":"Rabies control in North America\u2014Past, present and future","volume":"37","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. Int. Off. Epizoot."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6750a3","article-title":"Rabies in a Dog Imported from Egypt\u2014Connecticut, 2017","volume":"67","author":"Hercules","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6742a2","article-title":"Translocation of a Stray Cat Infected with Rabies from North Carolina to a Terrestrial Rabies-Free County in Ohio, 2017","volume":"67","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.03.013","article-title":"The history of rabies in the Western Hemisphere","volume":"146","author":"Mauldin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jemberu, W.T., Molla, W., Almaw, G., and Alemu, S. (2013). Incidence of rabies in humans and domestic animals and people\u2019s awareness in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002216"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Department of Livestock (2019, December 13). Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan. Rabies Prevention and Control Project for Bhutan, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncah.gov.bt\/Downloads\/File_102.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810001135","article-title":"Re-emergence of rabies in dogs and other domestic animals in eastern Bhutan, 2005\u20132007","volume":"139","author":"Tenzin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00778-8","article-title":"A dog rabies vaccination campaign in rural Africa: Impact on the incidence of dog rabies and human dog-bite injuries","volume":"21","author":"Cleaveland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gill, G.S., Singh, B.B., Dhand, N.K., Aulakh, R.S., Sandhu, B.S., Ward, M.P., and Brookes, V.J. (2019). Estimation of the incidence of animal rabies in Punjab, India. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222198"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2003.07.002","article-title":"Incidence of canine rabies in N\u2019Djam\u00e9na, Chad","volume":"61","author":"Kayali","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"445","article-title":"Features of dog ecology relevant to rabies spread in Machakos District, Kenya","volume":"60","author":"Kitala","year":"1993","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1612.100958","article-title":"Reemergence of Rabies in Chhukha District, Bhutan, 2008","volume":"16","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hampson, K., Abela-Ridder, B., Brunker, K., Bucheli, S.T.M., Carvalho, M., Caldas, E., Changalucha, J., Cleaveland, S., Dushoff, J., and Gutierrez, V. (2016). Surveillance to Establish Elimination of Transmission and Freedom from Dog-mediated Rabies. bioRxiv, 096883.","DOI":"10.1101\/096883"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sambo, M., Johnson, P.C.D., Hotopp, K., Changalucha, J., Cleaveland, S., Kazwala, R., Lembo, T., Lugelo, A., Lushasi, K., and Maziku, M. (2017). Comparing Methods of Assessing Dog Rabies Vaccination Coverage in Rural and Urban Communities in Tanzania. Front. Vet. Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00033"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lushasi, K.S., Cleaveland, S., Changalucha, J.J., Haydon, D., Kazwala, R., Lembo, T., Masoud, M., Maziku, M., Mchau, G., and Mtema, Z. (2017). Progress towards rabies elimination from Pemba Island, Southern Tanzania. Online J. Public Health Inform., 9.","DOI":"10.5210\/ojphi.v9i1.7702"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.11.033","article-title":"Operational performance and analysis of two rabies vaccination campaigns in N\u2019Djamena, Chad","volume":"34","author":"Oussiguere","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coetzer, A., Scott, T.P., Noor, K., Gwenhure, L.F., and Nel, L.H. (2019). A Novel Integrated and Labile eHealth System for Monitoring Dog Rabies Vaccination Campaigns. Vaccines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7030108"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laager, M., Mbilo, C., Madaye, E.A., Naminou, A., L\u00e9chenne, M., Tschopp, A., Na\u00efssengar, S.K., Smieszek, T., Zinsstag, J., and Chitnis, N. (2018). The importance of dog population contact network structures in rabies transmission. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006680"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00fcrr, S., Na\u00efssengar, S., Mindekem, R., Diguimbye, C., Niezgoda, M., Kuzmin, I., Rupprecht, C.E., and Zinsstag, J. (2008). Rabies Diagnosis for Developing Countries. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000206"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"53","article-title":"[Impact of canine demography on rabies transmission in N\u2019djamena, Chad]","volume":"65","author":"Mindekem","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Trop. Rev. Corps Sante Colon."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corrieri, L., Adda, M., Mikl\u00f3si, \u00c1., and Kubinyi, E. (2018). Companion and free-ranging Bali dogs: Environmental links with personality traits in an endemic dog population of South East Asia. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197354"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1904.120380","article-title":"Response to a rabies epidemic, Bali, Indonesia, 2008\u20132011","volume":"19","author":"Putra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"615","article-title":"Urban epizootic of rabies in Mexico: Epidemiology and impact of animal bite injuries","volume":"71","author":"Eng","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268897008601","article-title":"Rabies in Thailand","volume":"120","author":"Mitmoonpitak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1163\/15685306-12341381","article-title":"Companion Animals in Thailand: Human Factors that Predict Sterilization of Cats and Dogs","volume":"23","author":"Toukhsati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Anim."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822009000100003","article-title":"Perfil epidemiol\u00f3gico da raiva na regi\u00e3o Noroeste do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo no per\u00edodo de 1993 a 2007","volume":"42","author":"Queiroz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0535","article-title":"Epidemiologic Trends of Rabies in Domestic Animals in Southern Thailand, 1994\u20132008","volume":"85","author":"Thiptara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102005000600004","article-title":"Estimation of the dog and cat population in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo","volume":"39","author":"Alves","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"The World Bank (2019, December 15). Population, Total|Data. Available online: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2019&start=1960."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Bolker, B. (2019, December 15). bbmle: Tools for General Maximum Likelihood Estimation; R Package Version 1.0.22. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=bbmle."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"R Core Team (2019). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"RStudio Team (2015). RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R, RStudio, Inc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.07.011","article-title":"Evaluating variability and uncertainty separately in microbial quantitative risk assessment using two R packages","volume":"142","author":"Pouillot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Canadian Food Inspection Agency (2019, December 12). Rabies in Canada, Available online: https:\/\/www.inspection.gc.ca\/animals\/terrestrial-animals\/diseases\/reportable\/rabies\/rabies-in-canada\/eng\/."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"CDC (2019, December 12). Rabies Surveillance in the United States, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/rabies\/resources\/publications\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"AVMA (2019, December 15). U.S. Pet Ownership Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/www.avma.org\/resources-tools\/reports-statistics\/us-pet-ownership-statistics."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"ICSA (2019, December 15). Latest Canadian Pet Population Figures Released, Available online: https:\/\/www.cahi-icsa.ca\/press-releases\/latest-canadian-pet-population-figures-released."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"OIE (2019, December 12). World Animal Health Information Database (WAHID). Available online: https:\/\/www.oie.int\/wahis_2\/public\/wahid.php."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Rabies-Bulletin-Europe (2019, December 12). Rabies Information System of the WHO Collaboration Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research. Available online: https:\/\/www.who-rabies-bulletin.org\/site-page\/queries."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3796872","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3796872","article-title":"A Cross-Sectional Survey to Estimate the Cat Population and Ownership Profiles in a Semirural Area of Central Italy","volume":"2016","author":"Carvelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvelli, A., Scaramozzino, P., Iacoponi, F., Condoleo, R., and Della Marta, U. (2020). Size, demography, ownership profiles, and identification rate of the owned dog population in central Italy. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240551"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"FEDIAF (2019, December 15). European Statistics. Available online: http:\/\/www.fediaf.org\/who-we-are\/european-statistics.html."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"PANAFTOSA\u2014PAHO\/WHO (2020, January 15). Regional Information System for Epidemiological Surveillance of Rabies (SIRVERA). Available online: http:\/\/sirvera.panaftosa.org.br\/."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.47.317","article-title":"Prevention of canine rabies in rural Mexico: An epidemiologic study of vaccination campaigns","volume":"47","author":"Fishbein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2003.10.002","article-title":"Canine ecology and socioeconomic factors associated with dogs unvaccinated against rabies in a Mexican city across the US-Mexico border","volume":"62","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2008.01126.x","article-title":"Antibody response to an anti-rabies vaccine in a dog population under field conditions in Bolivia","volume":"55","author":"Suzuki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102004000400013","article-title":"[Estimate of the owned canine and feline populations in urban area in Brazil]","volume":"38","author":"Dias","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"13","article-title":"Aspectos demogr\u00e1ficos de la poblaci\u00f3n de perros y gatos en la ciudad de Santiago, Chile","volume":"18","author":"Ibarra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Av. Cienc. Vet."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freire de Carvalho, M., Vigilato, M.A.N., Pompei, J.A., Rocha, F., Vokaty, A., Molina-Flores, B., Cosivi, O., and Del Rio Vilas, V.J. (2018). Rabies in the Americas: 1998\u20132014. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006271"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000075806","article-title":"Maintenance of a microparasite infecting several host species: Rabies in the Serengeti","volume":"111","author":"Cleaveland","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7717","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609122104","article-title":"Synchronous cycles of domestic dog rabies in sub-Saharan Africa and the impact of control efforts","volume":"104","author":"Hampson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2012.02033.x","article-title":"Evidence-based control of canine rabies: A critical review of population density reduction","volume":"82","author":"Morters","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hampson, K., Dushoff, J., Cleaveland, S., Haydon, D.T., Kaare, M., Packer, C., and Dobson, A. (2009). Transmission Dynamics and Prospects for the Elimination of Canine Rabies. PLOS Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000053"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.252.8.945","article-title":"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2016","volume":"252","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.07.001","article-title":"Free-roaming dog control among OIE-member countries","volume":"97","author":"Kahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/7\/4\/207\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:46:55Z","timestamp":1760179615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/7\/4\/207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci7040207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci7040207","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]}}}