{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T10:12:58Z","timestamp":1768558378830,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper demonstrates a new approach to identify healthy calves (\u201chealthy\u201d) and naturally occurring infectious bronchopneumonia (\u201csick\u201d) calves by analysis of the gaseous phase over nasal secretions using 16 piezoelectric sensors in two portable devices. Samples of nasal secretions were obtained from 50 red-motley Holstein calves aged 14\u201342 days. Calves were subjected to rectal temperature measurements, clinical score according to the Wisconsin respiratory scoring chart, thoracic auscultation, and radiography (Carestream DR, New York, USA). Of the 50 calves, we included samples from 40 (20 \u201chealthy\u201d and 20 \u201csick\u201d) in the training sample. The remaining ten calves (five \u201chealthy\u201d and five \u201csick\u201d) were included in the test sample. It was possible to divide calves into \u201chealthy\u201d and \u201csick\u201d groups according to the output data of the sensor arrays (maximum sensor signals and calculated parameters Ai\/j) using the principal component linear discriminant analysis (PCA\u2013LDA) with an accuracy of 100%. The adequacy of the PCA\u2013LDA model was verified on a test sample. It was found that data of sensors with films of carbon nanotubes, zirconium nitrate, hydroxyapatite, methyl orange, bromocresol green, and Triton X-100 had the most significance for dividing samples into groups. The differences in the composition of the gaseous phase over the samples of nasal secretions for such a classification could be explained by the appearance or change in the concentrations of ketones, alcohols, organic carboxylic acids, aldehydes, amines, including cyclic amines or those with a branched hydrocarbon chain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8050074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T21:18:20Z","timestamp":1619558300000},"page":"74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Portable Electronic Nose for Analyzing the Smell of Nasal Secretions in Calves: Toward Noninvasive Diagnosis of Infectious Bronchopneumonia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Kuchmenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Ecology and Chemical Technology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 19 Revolution Avenue, 394000 Voronezh, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasiia","family":"Shuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Ecology and Chemical Technology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 19 Revolution Avenue, 394000 Voronezh, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruslan","family":"Umarkhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Ecology and Chemical Technology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 19 Revolution Avenue, 394000 Voronezh, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8953-687X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Chernitskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Diseases of the Reproductive Organs, Breast and Young Farm Animals, All-Russian Veterinary Research Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy, 114b Lomonosova Street, 394087 Voronezh, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1017\/S146625230999017X","article-title":"Bovine respiratory disease research (1983\u20132009)","volume":"10","author":"Fulton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim. 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