{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T12:17:51Z","timestamp":1762604271256,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A 14-year-old mixed-breed dog with a 2-year history of myxomatous mitral valve disease was examined for collapse and lethargy. At the presentation, pale oral mucous membranes, rapid and weak femoral pulses, and muffled heart sounds with a moderate left apical systolic murmur were revealed. Echocardiographic examination showed pericardial effusion with organized echogenic material originating from the left atrial wall. Tamponade of the right atrium and severe left atrial enlargement were also observed. Multiple views of the left atrium and left auricle allowed to visualize a hyperechoic mass adherent to the endocardium of the left atrial wall. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography study allowed to rule out active intrapericardial hemorrhages, and echo-guided pericardiocentesis was performed. No recurrence of pericardial effusion was observed, but the dog suddenly died after 10 days. The postmortem examination confirmed multifocal left atrial thrombosis attached to the endomyocardial tears.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8060112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T04:15:46Z","timestamp":1623903346000},"page":"112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Left Atrial Mural Thrombosis and Hemopericardium in a Dog with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8540-4853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Caivano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Marchesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4742-8584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Birettoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8478-8154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvio","family":"Lepri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Porciello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1964.tb01302.x","article-title":"Endocardial Splitting of the Left Atrium in the Dog with Hemorrhage and Hemopericardium","volume":"5","author":"Buchanan","year":"1964","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-3213-8_18","article-title":"Spontaneous left atrial rupture in dogs","volume":"22","author":"Buchanan","year":"1972","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1990.tb00900.x","article-title":"Echocardiography and Surgery in a Dog with Left Atrial Rupture and Hemopericardium","volume":"4","author":"Sadanaga","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"441","article-title":"What is your diagnosis? Pericardial effusion with a clot in the pericardial space likely caused by left atrial rupture secondary to mitral regurgitation","volume":"222","author":"Prosek","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2008.00289.x","article-title":"Left atrial rupture in dogs: 14 cases (1990\u20132005)","volume":"18","author":"Reineke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2012.02.001","article-title":"Pathology of myxomatous mitral valve disease in the dog","volume":"14","author":"Fox","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6084","article-title":"Left atrial rupture secondary to myxomatous mitral valve disease in 11 dogs","volume":"50","author":"Nakamura","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2015.04.003","article-title":"Myocardial infarct associated with a partial thickness left atrial tear in a dog with mitral insufficiency","volume":"17","author":"Sleeper","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2006.12.008","article-title":"Intraoperative myocardial rupture heralded by contrast echocardiography","volume":"20","author":"Saura","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.14503\/THIJ-14-4447","article-title":"Prompt Recognition of Left Ventricular Free-Wall Rupture Aided by the Use of Contrast Echocardiography","volume":"42","author":"Okabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tex Heart Inst. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.15-0417","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic findings in three dogs with lung lobe torsion","volume":"78","author":"Caivano","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2012.04.003","article-title":"Thrombotic complications associated with atrial fibrillation in three dogs","volume":"14","author":"Usechak","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000803","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreccr-2018-000803","article-title":"Left atrial thrombosis secondary to blunt cardiac injury in two dogs","volume":"7","author":"Ballocco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Rec. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.245.9.1003","article-title":"What is your diagnosis? Intracardiac thrombus","volume":"245","author":"Caivano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"988","article-title":"Idiopathic hemorrhagic pericardial effusion in eight dogs","volume":"185","author":"Berg","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2015.01.004","article-title":"Fungal myocarditis and pericardial effusion secondary to Inonotus tropicalis (phylum Basidiomycota) in a dog","volume":"17","author":"Ribas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"82","article-title":"Septic Pericarditis and Cardiac Tamponade Caused by Migrating Intrathoracic Grass Awn in an English Setter Dog","volume":"74","author":"Caivano","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"721","article-title":"Pericardial effusion in the dog: A review of 42 cases","volume":"20","author":"Berg","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.212.08.1276","article-title":"Analysis of prognostic indicators for dogs with pericardial effusion: 46 cases (1985\u20141996)","volume":"212","author":"Dunning","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.8.1048","article-title":"Accuracy of radiographic vertebral heart score and sphericity index in the detection of pericardial effusion in dogs","volume":"241","author":"Guglielmini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2010.03.002","article-title":"Acquired atrial septal defects secondary to rupture of the atrial septum in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease","volume":"12","author":"Peddle","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2012.07.004","article-title":"Fossa ovalis tear causing right to left shunting in a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel","volume":"14","author":"Mok","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1999.tb01136.x","article-title":"Cardiac tumors in dogs: 1982\u20131995","volume":"13","author":"Ware","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.2.194","article-title":"Use of contrast echocardiography for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of myocardial perfusion and pulmonary transit time in healthy dogs","volume":"73","author":"Crosara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12791","article-title":"Consensus on the rational use of antithrombotics in veterinary critical care (CURATIVE): Domain 2-defining rational therapeutic usage","volume":"29","author":"Goggs","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/8\/6\/112\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:17:17Z","timestamp":1760163437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/8\/6\/112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci8060112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci8060112","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2306-7381"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]}}}