{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:14:20Z","timestamp":1760235260121,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013302","name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC16-093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC16-093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013302","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infects dromedary camels and zoonotically infects humans, causing a respiratory disease with severe pneumonia and death. With no approved antiviral or vaccine interventions for MERS, vaccines are being developed for camels to prevent virus transmission into humans. We have previously developed a chimpanzee adenoviral vector-based vaccine for MERS-CoV (ChAdOx1 MERS) and reported its strong humoral immunogenicity in dromedary camels. Here, we looked back at total RNA isolated from whole blood of three immunised dromedaries pre and post-vaccination during the first day; and performed RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis in order to shed light on the molecular immune responses following a ChAdOx1 MERS vaccination. Our finding shows that a number of transcripts were differentially regulated as an effect of the vaccination, including genes that are involved in innate and adaptive immunity, such as type I and II interferon responses. The camel Bcl-3 and Bcl-6 transcripts were significantly upregulated, indicating a strong activation of Tfh cell, B cell, and NF-\u03baB pathways. In conclusion, this study gives an overall view of the first changes in the immune transcriptome of dromedaries after vaccination; it supports the potency of ChAdOx1 MERS as a potential camel vaccine to block transmission and prevent new human cases and outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8080156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T23:37:21Z","timestamp":1628033841000},"page":"156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcriptomic Profiling of Dromedary Camels Immunised with a MERS Vaccine Candidate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sharif","family":"Hala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Development Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5599-3933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Ribeca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, The James Hutton Institute, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haya A.","family":"Aljami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Development Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2242-5638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suliman A.","family":"Alsagaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Qasim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture (MEWA), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah C.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4BH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6049-3383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naif Khalaf","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Development Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2020). 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