{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T14:37:23Z","timestamp":1772548643514,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011003","name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Agropecuaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PL_27 N-23398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PL_27 N-23398"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011003","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008725","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POS_EXT_2015_1_123804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POS_EXT_2015_1_123804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cattle are broadly deemed a source of Coxiella burnetii; however, evidence reinforcing their role in human infection is scarce. Most published human Q fever outbreaks relate to exposure to small ruminants, notably goats. Anti-phase II C. burnetii IgG and IgM were measured by indirect fluorescent antibody tests in 27 farm and veterinary diagnostic laboratory workers to ascertain whether occupational exposure to cattle aborting due to C. burnetii was the probable source of exposure. Four serological profiles were identified on the basis of anti-phase II IgG and IgM titres. Profile 1, characterised by high IgM levels and concurrent, lower IgG titres (3\/27; 11.1%); Profile 2, with both isotypes with IgG titres higher than IgM (2\/27; 7.4%); Profile 3 with only IgG phase II (5\/27; 18.5%); and Profile 4, in which neither IgM nor IgG were detected (17\/27; 63.0%). Profiles 1 and 2 are suggestive of recent C. burnetii exposure, most likely 2.5\u20134.5 months before testing and, hence, during the window of exposure to the bovine abortions. Profile 3 suggested C. burnetii exposure that most likely predated the window of exposure to aborting cattle, while Profile 4 represented seronegative individuals and, hence, likely uninfected. This study formally linked human Q fever to exposure to C. burnetii infected cattle as a specific occupational hazard for farm and laboratory workers handling bovine aborted material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8090196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T03:47:35Z","timestamp":1632282455000},"page":"196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Serological Evidence of Human Infection with Coxiella burnetii after Occupational Exposure to Aborting Cattle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9713-0797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Rabaza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Agropecuaria, Plataforma de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud Animal, Estaci\u00f3n Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia 70000, Uruguay"},{"name":"Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Giannitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Agropecuaria, Plataforma de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud Animal, Estaci\u00f3n Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia 70000, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mart\u00edn","family":"Fraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Agropecuaria, Plataforma de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud Animal, Estaci\u00f3n Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia 70000, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Mac\u00edas-Rioseco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Agropecuaria, Plataforma de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud Animal, Estaci\u00f3n Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia 70000, Uruguay"},{"name":"California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, Tulare, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3255-6321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis G.","family":"Corbellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Agropecuaria, Plataforma de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud Animal, Estaci\u00f3n Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia 70000, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franklin","family":"Riet-Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Agropecuaria, Plataforma de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud Animal, Estaci\u00f3n Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia 70000, Uruguay"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancia Animal nos Tr\u00f3picos, Faculdade de Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Ondina, Salvador 40170-290, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dar\u00edo","family":"Hirigoyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Agropecuaria, Plataforma de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud Animal, Estaci\u00f3n Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia 70000, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katy M. E.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6843-3345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark C.","family":"Eisler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Epidemiology of Q fever","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Marrie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Q Fever, The Disease"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.518","article-title":"Q fever","volume":"12","author":"Maurin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. 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