{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:12:37Z","timestamp":1787508757188,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to report the results of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMMC) transplantation as a minimally invasive treatment for grade 2 UAP in dogs. This was an observational case series on six German shepherd dogs affected by grade 2 UAP as defined according to their clinical condition as well as radiographic and CT findings. Bone marrow was collected from the iliac crest and the mononuclear fraction was separated with density gradient centrifugation. Cells were suspended in fibrin glue before BMMC administration and implanted via transcutaneous injection under IB or CT guidance, using a spinal needle directly inserted into the ossification centre between the anconeal process and the olecranon. Clinical and radiographic follow-up was performed for up to 6 months. Microradiographic assessment was performed on one dog that died of other causes. A progressive reduction of pain within 3 weeks after BMMC administration was observed in all dogs, with gradually increased weight bearing on the affected limb. Radiographic and CT follow-up revealed the progressive fusion of the ossification centre at 90 days without any signs of secondary OA. The examination of microradiographs showed newly formed bone tissue in which a residue of calcified cartilage was present at the site of BMMC implantation. On the basis of these results, BMMC therapy for grade 2 UAP may be considered to be an effective and minimally invasive treatment option for dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8100214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T01:59:47Z","timestamp":1633917587000},"page":"214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Autologous Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells (BMMCs) for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Grade 2 Ununited Anconeal Process (UAP) in Six Dogs: Preliminary Results"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Alberto Maria","family":"Crovace","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze e Organi di Senso, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari \u201cAl-do Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4963-8673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Lacitignola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento dell\u2019Emergenze e Trapianti di Organi (D.E.T.O.), Sezione di Cliniche Veterinarie e Produzioni Animali, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2450-4425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariasevera","family":"Di Comite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze e Organi di Senso, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari \u201cAl-do Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosimo","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento dell\u2019Emergenze e Trapianti di Organi (D.E.T.O.), Sezione di Cliniche Veterinarie e Produzioni Animali, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Guarracino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento dell\u2019Emergenze e Trapianti di Organi (D.E.T.O.), Sezione di Cliniche Veterinarie e Produzioni Animali, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edda","family":"Francioso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento dell\u2019Emergenze e Trapianti di Organi (D.E.T.O.), Sezione di Cliniche Veterinarie e Produzioni Animali, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2085-376X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Staffieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento dell\u2019Emergenze e Trapianti di Organi (D.E.T.O.), Sezione di Cliniche Veterinarie e Produzioni Animali, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1391-339X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Crovace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento dell\u2019Emergenze e Trapianti di Organi (D.E.T.O.), Sezione di Cliniche Veterinarie e Produzioni Animali, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"498","article-title":"Ectopic sesamoid bones at the elbow (Patella cubiti) of the dog","volume":"128","author":"Stiern","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. 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