{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T09:24:16Z","timestamp":1790587456834,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01Kl1726B, 01Kl1726C, and 01Kl1726G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01Kl1726B, 01Kl1726C, and 01Kl1726G"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A Q fever outbreak on a dairy goat and cattle farm was investigated with regard to the One Health concept. Serum samples and vaginal swabs from goats with different reproductive statuses were collected. Cows, cats, and a dog were investigated with the same sample matrix. The farmer\u2019s family was examined by serum samples. Ruminant sera were analyzed with two phase-specific enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISAs). Dominant immunoglobulin G (IgG) phase II levels reflected current infections in goats. The cows had high IgG phase I and II levels indicating ongoing infections. Feline, canine, and human sera tested positive by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Animal vaginal swabs were analyzed by qPCR to detect C. burnetii, and almost all tested positive. A new cattle-associated C. burnetii genotype C16 was identified by the Multiple-Locus Variable-number tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA\/VNTR) from ruminant samples. Additionally, a possible influence of 17\u00df-estradiol on C. burnetii antibody response was evaluated in goat sera. Goats in early\/mid-pregnancy had significantly lower levels of phase-specific IgGs and 17\u00df-estradiol than goats in late pregnancy. We conclude that the cattle herd may have transmitted C. burnetii to the pregnant goat herd, resulting in a Q fever outbreak with one acute human case. The influence of placentation and maternal pregnancy hormones during pregnancy on the immune response is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8110252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T23:55:23Z","timestamp":1635292523000},"page":"252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Multispecies Q Fever Outbreak in a Mixed Dairy Goat and Cattle Farm Based on a New Bovine-Associated Genotype of Coxiella burnetii"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9337-9819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin U.","family":"Bauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1603-9861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael R.","family":"Knittler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Louise","family":"Herms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig\/Hannover, Eintrachtweg 17, 30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2864-3820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Frangoulidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstra\u00dfe 11, 80937 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Bundeswehr Medical Service Headquarters VI-2, Medical Intelligence & Information (MI2), Dachauer Stra\u00dfe 128, 80637 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8020-8666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svea","family":"Matthiesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Tappe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Stra\u00dfe 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Runge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig\/Hannover, Eintrachtweg 17, 30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1589-0803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Ganter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"48E","article-title":"Development of harmonised schemes for the monitoring and reporting of Q-fever in animals in the European Union","volume":"7","author":"Rousset","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. 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