{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:51:36Z","timestamp":1792687896778,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a disease that affects felines and other mammals, such as humans. The common name is autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and causes a progressive development of fluid-filled cysts in the kidney and sometimes in other organs as the liver and pancreas. The formation and growth of cysts progress slowly, causing deterioration of kidney tissue and a gradual decrease in kidney function, leading to irreversible kidney failure. Feline PKD or ADPKD in humans are hereditary pathologies of autosomal dominant transmission. ADPKD is one of the genetic diseases with the highest prevalence in humans. In cats, this disease also has a high prevalence, mainly in the Persian breed, being one of the most common feline genetic diseases. Imaging tests seem to be the most reliable method for diagnosis of the disease, although more genetic tests are being developed to detect the presence of the responsible mutation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about feline PKD to guide future research related to an adequate diagnosis and early detection of causal mutations. It can allow the establishment of selection programs to reduce or eliminate this pathology in feline breeds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8110269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T22:08:41Z","timestamp":1636409321000},"page":"269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Feline Polycystic Kidney Disease: An Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Lorie","family":"Schirrer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Sciences and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9593-3476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo Jes\u00fas","family":"Mar\u00edn-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Sciences and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9806-9174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lola","family":"Llobat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Sciences and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1998.9694858","article-title":"Polycystic Kidney and Liver Disease in Cats","volume":"20","author":"Bosje","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"596","article-title":"The Genetics of Cystic Diseases of the Kidney","volume":"11","author":"Kimberling","year":"1991","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13492164","article-title":"Maine Coon Renal Screening: Ultrasonographical Characterisation and Preliminary Genetic Analysis for Common Genes in Cats with Renal Cysts","volume":"15","author":"Gendron","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c4605","article-title":"Diagnosis of Feline Polycystic Kidney Disease by a Combination of Ultrasonographic Examination and PKD1 Gene Analysis","volume":"167","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000141776.38527.BB","article-title":"Feline Polycystic Kidney Disease Mutation Identified in PKD1","volume":"15","author":"Lyons","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.149.14.409","article-title":"Prevalence of Polycystic Kidney Disease in Persian Cats in the United Kingdom","volume":"149","author":"Cannon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589703400204","article-title":"Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease in Persian and Persian-Cross Cats","volume":"34","author":"Eaton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2007.04.002","article-title":"Correlation of the Feline PKD1 Genetic Mutation with Cases of PKD Diagnosed by Pathological Examination","volume":"83","author":"Helps","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12240","article-title":"Polycystic Kidney Disease in a Neva Masquerade Cat","volume":"55","author":"Jasik","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.06.001","article-title":"Polycystic Kidney Disease in a Chartreux Cat","volume":"12","author":"Volta","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"20","article-title":"Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease in Persian Cats","volume":"28","author":"Cooper","year":"2000","journal-title":"Feline Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.03.004","article-title":"Prevalence of the Polycystic Kidney Disease and Renal and Urinary Bladder Ultrasonographic Abnormalities in Persian and Exotic Shorthair Cats in Italy","volume":"9","author":"Bonazzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200314","article-title":"Molecular Detection of Autosomal-Dominant Feline Polycystic Kidney Disease by Multiplex Amplification Refractory Mutation System Polymerase Chain Reaction","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn Investig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S1098-612X(03)00052-4","article-title":"Prevalence of Polycystic Kidney Disease in Persian and Persian Related Cats in France","volume":"5","author":"Barthez","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2001.tb14573.x","article-title":"Feline Polycystic Kidney Disease in Persian and Other Cats: A Prospective Study Using Ultrasonography","volume":"79","author":"Beck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.07.004","article-title":"Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Review and Occurrence in Slovenia with Comparison between Ultrasound and Genetic Testing","volume":"10","author":"Cernec","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"151","article-title":"Prevalence of Polycystic Kidney Disease in Persian and Persian Related-Cats Referred to Small Animal Hospital, University of Tehran, Iran","volume":"20","author":"Noori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.18-0309","article-title":"Epidemiological Evaluation of Cats Associated with Feline Polycystic Kidney Disease Caused by the Feline PKD1 Genetic Mutation in Japan","volume":"81","author":"Sato","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.227131","article-title":"Prevalence of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease in Persian and Persian-Related Cats in Brazil","volume":"81","author":"Guerra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2001.tb11977.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease in Persian Cats and Related-Breeds in Sydney and Brisbane","volume":"79","author":"Barrs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86200-7","article-title":"A Domestic Cat Whole Exome Sequencing Resource for Trait Discovery","volume":"11","author":"Rodney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638714536561","article-title":"Touchdown Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of Polycystic Kidney Disease and Laboratory Findings in Different Cat Populations","volume":"26","author":"Scalon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn Investig."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2021, August 11). Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD): Gene Test and Negative Register | International Cat Care. Available online: https:\/\/icatcare.org\/advice\/polycystic-kidney-disease-pkd-gene-test-and-negative-register\/."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1990.196.08.1288","article-title":"Polycystic Kidney Disease in a Family of Persian Cats","volume":"196","author":"Biller","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a022945","article-title":"Inheritance of Polycystic Kidney Disease in Persian Cats","volume":"87","author":"Biller","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Hered"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"665","article-title":"Polycystic Kidney in a Cat","volume":"154","author":"Battershell","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-004-2412-2","article-title":"Feline Polycystic Kidney Disease Is Linked to the PKD1 Region","volume":"16","author":"Young","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0b013e31815e5295","article-title":"Molecular Basis of Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)","volume":"15","author":"Akhtar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320430309","article-title":"Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: New Information for Genetic Counselling","volume":"43","author":"Bear","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"286","article-title":"Polycystic Renal Disease in Related Cats","volume":"175","author":"Crowell","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1714701","article-title":"Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease-The Clinical Aspects and Diagnostic Challenges","volume":"10","author":"Wicher","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0888-7543(11)80001-7","article-title":"Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: Localization of the Second Gene to Chromosome 4q13-Q23","volume":"18","author":"Kimberling","year":"1993","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90339-9","article-title":"Polycystic Kidney Disease: The Complete Structure of the PKD1 Gene and Its Protein","volume":"81","author":"Tayber","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1293-359","article-title":"Chromosome 4 Localization of a Second Gene for Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease","volume":"5","author":"Peters","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5839","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00173","article-title":"A Defect in a Novel Nek-Family Kinase Causes Cystic Kidney Disease in the Mouse and in Zebrafish","volume":"129","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Shumway, K.L., Matheson, J.S., Edwards, M.E., Kline, T.L., and Lyons, L.A. (2019). Kidney and Cystic Volume Imaging for Disease Presentation and Progression in the Cat Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Large Animal Model. BMC Nephrol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1448-1"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2018.03.013","article-title":"Monoallelic Mutations to DNAJB11 Cause Atypical Autosomal-Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease","volume":"102","author":"Olson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"2055116915619191","article-title":"Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis and Polycystic Kidney Disease Not Linked to C >A Mutation in Exon 29 of PKD1 in a Persian Cat","volume":"1","author":"Guerra","year":"2015","journal-title":"JFMS Open Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3871","article-title":"Mutations in DZIP1L, Which Encodes a Ciliary-Transition-Zone Protein, Cause Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease","volume":"49","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.07.037","article-title":"Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: Core Curriculum 2016","volume":"67","author":"Chebib","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638720935433","article-title":"Prevalence of PKD1 Gene Mutation in Cats in Turkey and Pathogenesis of Feline Polycystic Kidney Disease","volume":"32","author":"Bilgen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn Investig."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.76a.gr001","article-title":"Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: Emerging Concepts of Pathogenesis and New Treatments","volume":"76","author":"Braun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cleve. Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nephro.2015.04.001","article-title":"[Pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment options for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]","volume":"11","author":"Rieu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374289520939257","DOI":"10.1177\/2374289520939257","article-title":"Educational Case: Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease","volume":"7","author":"Frazier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mcb.2019.05.008","article-title":"In Vitro Cyst Formation of ADPKD Cells","volume":"153","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-013-2706-2","article-title":"ARPKD and Early Manifestations of ADPKD: The Original Polycystic Kidney Disease and Phenocopies","volume":"30","author":"Bergmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18764591","article-title":"Age-Based Ultrasonographic Criteria for Diagnosis of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease in Persian Cats","volume":"21","author":"Guerra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006080835","article-title":"Cyst Number but Not the Rate of Cystic Growth Is Associated with the Mutated Gene in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease","volume":"17","author":"Harris","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12327","article-title":"Polycystic Kidney Disease in Four British Shorthair Cats with Successful Treatment of Bacterial Cyst Infection","volume":"56","author":"Nivy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.08.012","article-title":"Ciliopathies and the Kidney: A Review","volume":"77","author":"McConnachie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2008.10.003","article-title":"Comparison between Ultrasound and Genetic Testing for the Early Diagnosis of Polycystic Kidney Disease in Persian and Exotic Shorthair Cats","volume":"11","author":"Bonazzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/8\/11\/269\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:27:26Z","timestamp":1760167646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/8\/11\/269"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci8110269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci8110269","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]}}}