{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:24:16Z","timestamp":1790162656279,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of single doses of butorphanol, morphine, and tramadol on gastrointestinal motility in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) using non-invasive imaging methods, such as radiographic barium follow through and ultrasonographic contraction counts. Time-lapse radiographic and ultrasound examinations were performed before and after a single intramuscular dose of 5 mg kg\u22121 butorphanol, 10 mg kg\u22121 morphine, or 10 mg kg\u22121 tramadol. Pyloric and duodenal contraction counts by ultrasonography and radiographic repletion scores for the stomach and caecum were analysed using a mixed linear model. No significant effect was noted on ultrasound examinations of pyloric and duodenal contractions after administration of an opioid treatment. Morphine had a significant effect on the stomach and the caecum repletion scores, whereas butorphanol had a significant effect only on the caecum repletion score. Tramadol had no significant effect on the stomach or caecum repletion scores. The present findings suggest that a single dose of 5 mg kg\u22121 butorphanol or 10 mg kg\u22121 morphine temporarily slows gastrointestinal transit in healthy rabbits, preventing physiological progression of the alimentary bolus without the induction of ileus. In contrast, a single dose of 10 mg kg\u22121 tramadol has no such effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9010028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T20:46:06Z","timestamp":1642365966000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effects of a Single Opioid Dose on Gastrointestinal Motility in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): Comparisons among Morphine, Butorphanol, and Tramadol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Deflers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exotic Pet Department, Veterinary Clinic Alvetia, F57100 Thionville, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2654-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Gandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exotic Pet Department, Veterinary Clinic Alvetia, F57100 Thionville, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9raldine","family":"Bolen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Section, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals and Equine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, B4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Detilleux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Animal Breeding, Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, B4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Sandersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthesiology Section, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals and Equine, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, B4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2790-8006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Didier","family":"Marlier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Birds, Rabbits and Rodents, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals and Equine, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, B4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.12.032","article-title":"Progress in understanding mechanisms of opioid-induced gastrointestinal adverse effects and respiratory depression","volume":"131","author":"Imam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"155","article-title":"Effects of Buprenorphine, Methylnaltrexone, and Their Combination on Gastrointestinal Transit in Healthy New Zealand White Rabbits","volume":"56","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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