{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T16:18:32Z","timestamp":1769357912748,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011091","name":"Belgian Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF 17\/6317 RU-BLA-ESBL-CPE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF 17\/6317 RU-BLA-ESBL-CPE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance is a major worldwide hazard. Therefore, the World Health Organization has proposed a classification of antimicrobials with respect to their importance for human medicine and advised some restriction of their use in veterinary medicine. In Belgium, this regulation has been implemented by a Royal Decree (RD) in 2016, which prohibits carbapenem use and enforces strict restrictions on the use of third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins (3 GC and 4 GC) for food-producing animals. Acquired resistance to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics is most frequently mediated by the production of \u03b2-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria. This study follows the resistance to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics in Escherichia coli isolated from young diarrheic or septicaemic calves in Belgium over seven calving seasons in order to measure the impact of the RD. Phenotypic resistance to eight \u03b2-lactams was assessed by disk diffusion assay and isolates were assigned to four resistance profiles: narrow-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (NSBL); extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBL); cephalosporinases (AmpC); and cephalosporinase-like, NSBL with cefoxitin resistance (AmpC-like). No carbapenemase-mediated resistance was detected. Different resistance rates were observed for each profile over the calving seasons. Following the RD, the number of susceptibility tests has increased, the resistance rate to 3 GC\/4 GC has markedly decreased, while the observed resistance profiles have changed, with an increase in NSBL profiles in particular.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9020045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T04:49:51Z","timestamp":1643258991000},"page":"45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Seven-Year Evolution of \u03b2-Lactam Resistance Phenotypes in Escherichia coli Isolated from Young Diarrheic and Septicaemic Calves in Belgium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5583-7698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginie","family":"Gu\u00e9rin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uli\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alban","family":"Farchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEREA, \u00c9cole des Ponts and EDF R&D, IPSL, \u00cele-de-France, 77455 Champs-sur-Marne, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5161-7364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damien","family":"Thiry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uli\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Cawez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Macromolecules, Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), InBioS, ULi\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola Sandra","family":"Mercuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Macromolecules, Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), InBioS, ULi\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moreno","family":"Galleni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Macromolecules, Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), InBioS, ULi\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8520-0834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Mainil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uli\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Saulmont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Animal Health and Identification Association (ARSIA), 5590 Ciney, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/2.2.115","article-title":"The \u00df-lactamases of gram-negative bacteria and their role in resistance to \u00df-lactam antibiotics","volume":"2","author":"Sykes","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. 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