{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T01:50:24Z","timestamp":1785635424021,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thermoregulation in newborn mammals is an essential species-specific mechanism of the nervous system that contributes to their survival during the first hours and days of their life. When exposed to cold weather, which is a risk factor associated with mortality in neonates, pathways such as the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis (HPA) are activated to achieve temperature control, increasing the circulating levels of catecholamine and cortisol. Consequently, alterations in blood circulation and mechanisms to produce or to retain heat (e.g., vasoconstriction, piloerection, shivering, brown adipocyte tissue activation, and huddling) begin to prevent hypothermia. This study aimed to discuss the mechanisms of thermoregulation in newborn domestic mammals, highlighting the differences between altricial and precocial species. The processes that employ brown adipocyte tissue, shivering, thermoregulatory behaviors, and dermal vasomotor control will be analyzed to understand the physiology and the importance of implementing techniques to promote thermoregulation and survival in the critical post-birth period of mammals. Also, infrared thermography as a helpful method to perform thermal measurements without animal interactions does not affect these parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9050246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T05:12:27Z","timestamp":1653455547000},"page":"246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Strategies for Hypothermia Compensation in Altricial and Precocial Newborn Mammals and Their Monitoring by Infrared Thermography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0084-8135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Lezama-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Biological and Health Sciences [Doctorado en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud], Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0562-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Mota-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8681-4261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Burnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Villanueva-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, National Institute of Health, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Doctor M\u00e1rquez 162, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1584-0654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn","family":"G\u00f3mez-Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Mora-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Livestock Science, FESC, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54714, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8382-8388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Casas-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Olmos-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biotechnology\u2014Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9045-8901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8139-8668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon","family":"Muns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Livestock Production Sciences Unit, Hillsborough BT26 6DR, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2003.08.004","article-title":"Animal welfare implications of neonatal mortality and morbidity in farm animals","volume":"168","author":"Mellor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. 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