{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:25:42Z","timestamp":1760228742780,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study was designed to elucidate a relationship between lymphoid organs and reproductive activity in male Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) bred in a temperate region of Pakistan (30.3753\u00b0 N, 69.3451\u00b0 E) in response to photoperiodic changes. The research focused primarily on the relative morphological changes in primary (thymus and bursa of Fabricius) and secondary (spleen) lymphoid organs with respect to seasonal variations in the histomorphometry of testicular tissue. For this purpose, a comparable number of clinically healthy Japanese quails were exsanguinated during active (April\u2013May), regressive (September\u2013October) and inactive (January\u2013February) reproductive phases. Following an extensive gross measurement of lymphoid and reproductive organs, a histomorphometric analysis was performed on sampled tissues by employing ImageJ\u00ae software. Blood was collected for hormonal and leukocytic analysis. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical comparison. Testes had the highest parenchymal development in the active phase (80.66 \u00b1 21.22 \u00b5m) and the lowest in the inactive phase (27.80 \u00b1 7.22 \u00b5m). Conversely, a percentage change was evident in the sizes of primary (bursa: 61.5%, thymus: 46.9%) and secondary (spleen: 23.9%) lymphoid organs during inactive and active reproductive phases. This study demonstrated that a physiological trade-off is imperative between immune and reproductive systems for optimum survivability and reproductive performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9050248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T05:12:27Z","timestamp":1653455547000},"page":"248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Photoperiodic Modulation in Immune and Reproductive Systems in Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica): A Morphometric Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0950-9351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khizar","family":"Hayat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4041-2072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aitzaz","family":"Anas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"House Office, Independent Medical College, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anas Sarwar","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3840-2710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarmad","family":"Rehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ameer Hamza","family":"Rabbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hafiz Faseeh ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul Ghaffar","family":"Qamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Riphah College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tayyab","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farah","family":"Deeba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Salman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical and Dental College, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, T.D. 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