{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T15:33:36Z","timestamp":1788622416917,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rural Development Administration","award":["No. PJ01690702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. PJ01690702"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nocardiosis, a rare infectious disease in dogs and cats, is caused by Gram-positive aerobic actinomycetes of the genus Nocardia. A one-year-old castrated male Great Dane was presented with clinical signs of an ulcerated nodule on the right ear, which was observed after two weeks of treatment with cyclosporine and prednisolone due to idiopathic hepatitis. Cytological examination revealed pyogranulomatous inflammatory cells and blanched filamentous rods. To detect infectious agents, serosanguinous discharge of the nodule was subjected to bacterial and fungal cultures. For phenotyping of the infectious agents, colonies on blood agar culture plates were further analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)-time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (VITEK MS). The MALDI-TOF spectra were identified as N. africana. Thus, the present case was diagnosed as cutaneous nocardiosis. The skin lesions of ulcerated nodules with fistulous tracts were gradually resolved by the administration of meropenem (8 mg\/kg TID, IV) and doxycycline (5 mg\/kg BID, PO). Although complete resolution of the skin lesions was observed on day 91 after the initial presentation, single administration of doxycycline was continued until day 198 after the initial presentation to prevent recurrence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Nocardia africana infection in a dog. In addition, our results show that MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis could be a useful tool for the detection of Nocardia. spps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9060265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T21:43:42Z","timestamp":1654119822000},"page":"265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Canine Case of Nocardia africana Infection Detected by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization\u2014Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7354-3255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Seon","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Konkuk Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyungjae","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Animal Medical Center, Seoul 02117, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beomsung","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Animal Medical Center, Seoul 02117, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Animal Medical Center, Seoul 02117, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In-Seong","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Animal Medical Center, Seoul 02117, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gi-Jong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Animal Medical Center, Seoul 02117, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1992.201.06.917","article-title":"Cutaneous actinomycosis and nocardiosis in dogs: 48 cases (1980\u20131990)","volume":"201","author":"Kirpensteijn","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2006.00004.x","article-title":"Nocardia infections in cats: A retrospective multi-institutional study of 17 cases","volume":"84","author":"Malik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2011.11.016","article-title":"Nocardiosis: Updates and clinical overview","volume":"87","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"139","article-title":"Multiple dermal ulcers in a case of feline nocardial mycetoma","volume":"61","author":"Lipovan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Work. Ser. C Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652008005000004","article-title":"Nocardiosis: An overview and additional report of 28 cases in cattle and dogs","volume":"50","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.2.259-282.2006","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory features of the Nocardia spp. based on current molecular taxonomy","volume":"19","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.2.908-910.2003","article-title":"Nocardia africana isolated from a feline mycetoma","volume":"41","author":"Hattori","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Farias, M.R., Werner, J., Ribeiro, M.G., Rodigheri, S.M., Cavalcante, C.Z., Chi, K.D., Condas, L.A., Gonoi, T., Matsuzama, T., and Yazama, K. (2012). Uncommon mandibular osteomyelitis in a cat caused by Nocardia africana. BMC Vet. Res., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-239"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00791","article-title":"MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: An emerging technology for microbial identification and diagnosis","volume":"6","author":"Singhal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2016.09.024","article-title":"Routine identification of Nocardia species by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry","volume":"87","author":"Girard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03758-x","article-title":"Assessment of VITEK\u00ae MS IVD database V3.0 for identification of Nocardia spp. using two culture media and comparing direct smear and protein extraction procedures","volume":"39","author":"Durand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.2.625-630.2001","article-title":"Nocardia africana sp. nov., a new pathogen isolated from patients with pulmonary infections","volume":"39","author":"Hamid","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43660","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43660","article-title":"Susceptibility profiles of Nocardia spp. to antimicrobial and antituberculotic agents detected by a microplate Alamar Blue assay","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14855","article-title":"Sykes Successful Treatment of Disseminated Nocardiosis Caused by Nocardia veterana in a Dog","volume":"32","author":"Yaemsiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.12.001","article-title":"Fatal nocardiosis in a dog caused by multiresistant Nocardia veterana","volume":"183","author":"Uhde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.10169","article-title":"Fatal pulmonary infection by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistant Nocardia otitidiscaviarum: Report of two cases and review","volume":"14","author":"Saksena","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/9\/6\/265\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:23:11Z","timestamp":1760138591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/9\/6\/265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci9060265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci9060265","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]}}}