{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:06:09Z","timestamp":1760231169070,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lymphoma is the most common tumor of the nasal cavity in cats. Commonly used treatment modalities are radiotherapy and chemotherapy, or both. Typical chemotherapy protocols used in cats with nasal lymphoma are COP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine prednisolone) and CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone). Thus far, the use of single-agent chlorambucil in nasal lymphoma has been evaluated in a single case report. We report a case series of three cats with B cell nasal lymphoma, two cats with intermediate cell, and one large cell, all with a low mitotic index (MI) of less than 5 mitotic figures per \u00d7400 field, treated with chlorambucil and prednisolone. Two of the cases achieved a long disease-free interval, while the one with the highest MI did not. Protocols using chlorambucil and prednisolone may have potential as a first-line therapy for feline nasal lymphoma cases with a very low mitotic index.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9090472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T20:50:27Z","timestamp":1662670227000},"page":"472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nasal Lymphoma with Low Mitotic Index in Three Cats Treated with Chlorambucil and Prednisolone"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3072-7601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen W. L.","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CityU Veterinary Medical Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6520-7801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia A.","family":"Beatty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"May P. Y.","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VDL Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Giuliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CityU Veterinary Medical Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19881847","article-title":"A Retrospective Study of More than 400 Feline Nasal Biopsy Samples in the UK (2006\u20132013)","volume":"22","author":"Ferguson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2003.08.005","article-title":"Investigation of Nasal Disease in the Cat\u2014A Retrospective Study of 77 Cases","volume":"6","author":"Henderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1053\/jfms.2001.0141","article-title":"Feline Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Tumours: Clinicopathological Study, Histomorphological Description and Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry of 123 Cases","volume":"3","author":"Mukaratirwa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0243.x","article-title":"Survival Analysis of 97 Cats with Nasal Lymphoma: A Multi-Institutional Retrospective Study (1986\u20132006)","volume":"23","author":"Haney","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. 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Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12517","article-title":"Outcome and Failure Patterns of Localized Sinonasal Lymphoma in Cats Treated with First-line Single-modality Radiation Therapy: A Retrospective Study","volume":"17","author":"Meier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00813.x","article-title":"Feline Extranodal Lymphoma: Response to Chemotherapy and Survival in 110 Cats","volume":"50","author":"Taylor","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02352.x","article-title":"Chemotherapy with Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, and Prednisolone (COP) in Cats with Malignant Lymphoma: New Results with an Old Protocol","volume":"16","author":"Teske","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. 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