{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:32:50Z","timestamp":1787160770217,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Incisor malocclusions are common in horses. As yet, an evidence-based understanding of incisor occlusal surface angle dynamics and normocclusal range is missing. Orthodontic measuring devices could help unravel this information objectively but imply measurement validation. We evaluated intra- and interexaminer variability of repeated sagittal and transversal incisor occlusal surface angle measures using a commercial orthodontic gauge device (MaPHorse1). Five examiners (two experienced, three inexperienced) measured six cadaver heads on 2 consecutive days in a blinded block-randomization design, resulting in 16 measures per examiner*head. Sagittal and transversal angle measures revealed low intraexaminer variability at scale-level independent mean SDs of \u03b1 0.58\u00b0 and \u03b1 0.69\u00b0, respectively. Sagittal angle measures associate with low interexaminer variability, showing small mean angle differences (max. \u03b1 0.51\u00b0 \u00b1 0.35\u00b0), small scatter, and more consistent data reproducibility. Despite comparable mean interexaminer differences, the spread of transversal angle measures was relevantly higher using the proposed landmarks (average 2.2-fold higher interquartile range). The measurement performance of experienced and inexperienced examiners did not systematically differ. The time required for individual measurements was already comparable after 24\/96 repetitions. This instrument may help deciphering sagittal angle normocclusal range and orthognathic dynamics and, with a proposed procedural amendment, transversal angle as well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9090481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T20:50:27Z","timestamp":1662670227000},"page":"481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Intra- and Interexaminer Measurement Variability Analysis of an Orthodontic Gauge Device to Determine Incisor Occlusal Surface Angles in the Horse"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9538-9976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio","family":"Kau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Morphology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina S.","family":"Motter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Morphology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktoria J.","family":"Moser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Morphology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o R.","family":"Kunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Equine Dentistry, Maxillofacial Diagnostic Imaging and Surgery, Veterinary Clinic Gessertshausen Altano GmbH, Grasweg 2, 86459 Gessertshausen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Pellachin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Equine Veterinary Dentist and Specialist on Equine Orthodontics, Via Marino Grimani 7, 35127 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0259-1073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina","family":"Hartl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Morphology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.25.807","article-title":"Occlusal angles of cheek teeth in normal horses and horses with dental disease","volume":"162","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. 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Zenodo.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9090481"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/9\/9\/481\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:25:12Z","timestamp":1760142312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/9\/9\/481"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci9090481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci9090481","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]}}}