{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T08:58:52Z","timestamp":1793264332504,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001772","name":"University of New England","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1421-00000-377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1421-00000-377"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001772","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A moderate to high seroprevalence of exposure to Newcastle disease (NDV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) has recently been reported in Ethiopia, but it is unclear to what extent these contribute to clinical cases of respiratory disease. This study investigated the presence of these pathogens in chickens exhibiting respiratory disease in two live markets in Addis Ababa. Markets were visited weekly for three months, and 18 chickens displaying respiratory clinical signs were acquired. Swab samples were taken from the choana, trachea, air sac and larynx for bacteriology and PCR tests targeting these five pathogens. PCR-positive samples were sequenced. All 18 chickens were PCR-positive for aMPV, 50% for each of Mg and NDV, 39% for IBV and 11% for ILTV. Infections with &gt;3 pathogens were detected in 17 of 18 chickens. Potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus were found in 16 to 44% of chickens. IBV-positive samples were of the 793B genotype. The results associate the presence of these organisms with clinical respiratory disease and are consistent with recent serological investigations, indicating a high level of exposure to multiple respiratory pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9090503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T01:48:10Z","timestamp":1663206490000},"page":"503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Detection of Chicken Respiratory Pathogens in Live Markets of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Epidemiological Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6615-9482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadiose Habte","family":"Tekelemariam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Poultry Research Program, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Debrezeite P.O. Box 32, Ethiopia"},{"name":"Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0638-5533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Walkden-Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fekadu Alemu","family":"Atire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa 1005, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dessalegne Abeje","family":"Tefera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa 1005, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawit Hailu","family":"Alemayehu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa 1005, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8343-8299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscilla F.","family":"Gerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of poultry for poor livelihoods in Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"Assefa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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